THE LAST STAGES IN THE GENEALOGY OF MAN. 829 



the Old Continent. We have removed the galeopitheci from the 

 lemurs on account of the absence of the first character. Must we 

 also remove the arctopitheci from the monkeys ? Let us look 

 at their characteristics. When we take hold of their skull in such 

 a way as to hide the lower part of the face, they look exactly like 

 American monkeys. Like the American monkeys, they have a 

 round head, flat face, lateral nostrils, no gluteal callosities, no 

 pouches. But they have not opposable thumbs, either in the fore 

 or hind limbs, and this deprives them of the single characteristic 

 common to all the monkeys and false monkeys. Further, they 

 have claws on all the fingers, except on the hind-thumbs, which 

 alone have nails. They have thirty-two teeth, the same number 

 as the monkeys of the Old Continent and man, but with a different 

 formula — one little molar more and one large molar less. Further, 

 their teeth have some insectivorous characters ; the lower canine 

 is small, the molars work a little into one another like those of 

 insectivora, and some, the forward ones, have sharj), conical points. 

 The lower incisors of some species are pointed. Cuvier hesitated 

 to put them among the quadrumana. For our own part, we 

 readily see in them a step toward the primates, a kind of American 

 lemur, a transition from the insectivora to the monkeys of the 

 New Continent. 



Fossil monkeys have been found in America, and it is remark- 

 able that they all have thirty-six teeth, and relate themselves to 

 the types of that continent as if the platyrrhinians had always 

 lived there. The highest among them is the Laopithecus, which 

 can be compared to the anthropoids of the eastern continent. In 

 short, we are introduced in America to a special series, constituted, 

 from its origin to its end, thus : Some insectivora ; arctopitheci ; 

 nocturnal monkeys, beginning with the saimiris ; diurnal monk- 

 eys; Laopithecus. MM. Vogt, Schmidt, and Cope accept this 

 insectivorous origin. 



The monkeys of the old continent are less tree-dwelling than 

 those of the new continent, and are all diurnal. Most of them 

 have pouches and gluteal callosities. Their teeth are generally 

 less omnivorous than those of man, and tend, especially by 

 the canines, to the carnivorous type, and are also less continuous. 

 They are divided into the great monkeys, tailless monkeys or an- 

 thropoids, and tailed monkeys, which are again divided into sem- 

 nopitheci, cercopitheci, and cynocephaluses. The semnopitheci 

 (from ore/Avo'?, venerable) include the entellus, the sacred monkey 

 of India, a prominent figure in the Aryan legends, and the colobus 

 of Abyssinia and Guinea. The cercopitheci include the guenon, 

 which is found only in Africa ; the magot, which lives in Africa 

 and as far north as the rock of Gibraltar ; and the macacus, which 

 occurs in India and Japan. The cynocephaluses are large monk- 



