LITERARY NOTICES. 



851 



opens with a fully illustrated description of 

 the necessary apparatus, many of the special 

 forms of which are the author's own inven- 

 tion ; this is followed by directions for pre- 

 paring the reagents. Methods are then given 

 for determining all the elements likely to be 

 found in pig-iron, bar-iron, or steel, also for 

 slag and oxides, several processes usually 

 being given for each substance. Under car- 

 bon, the determination of total carbon, 

 graphitic carbon, and combined carbon, are 

 described. Methods for the analysis of iron- 

 ores follow, also for the analysis of lime- 

 stone, clay, slags, fire-sands, coal, coke, and 

 gases. Tables of chemical factors, percent- 

 ages of P and PsOb for each milligramme of 

 MgoPaOr, of tension of aqueous vapor, and 

 for reducing volumes of gases to the nor- 

 mal state, are appended. The volume is 

 copiously illustrated, and its print is large 

 and clear. 



The Aryan Race : Its Origin and its 

 Achievements. By Charles Morris. 

 Chicago : S. C. Griggs & Co. Pp. 347. 

 . Price, $1.50. 



An exhaustive treatment of the above 

 subject would fill many thick volumes, but 

 the purpose of the author of the present 

 work has been rather to give a brief outline 

 of the history of that race from which the 

 most cultured and powerful nations of the 

 modern world have sprung. Mr. Morris dis- 

 cusses the several theories as to where was the 

 home of the Aryans, and in what order and 

 by what routes the different divisions of the 

 race streamed out over Europe and Asia. 

 He then gives a sketch of their customs and 

 religion in their ancient home, and traces 

 the course of their political development 

 and of the development of the Aryan lan- 

 guages. The Aryan literature, and some 

 other Aryan characteristics, also receive at- 

 tention. Mr. Morris assures us that "all 

 the statements concerning questions of fact 

 have been drawn from trustworthy authors." 

 The style is popular, and the author hopes 

 " that the work may prove of interest and 

 value to those who simply desire a general 

 knowledge of the subject, and may in some 

 measure serve as a guide to those more ar- 

 dent students who prefer to continue the 

 study by the consultation of higher authori- 

 ties." 



The Present Condition of Economic Sci- 

 ence, and the Demand for a Radical 

 Change in its Methods and Aims. By 

 Edward Clark Lunt. New York : 

 G. P. Putnam's Sons. Pp. 114. Price, 

 75 cents. 



The author assumes, that while the doc- 

 trines of political economy have at no period 

 shared largely in the public confidence, lack 

 of confidence has in recent times become in- 

 creasingly prevalent. The disrepute is ex- 

 plained by reference to the many concep- 

 tions of the science that are afloat ; the dis- 

 putes of economists ; the " dismal " aspect 

 which discussions have been made to assume 

 the " bias that has been given by personal 

 interests to the discussions ; and the mis- 

 takes that have been made." The English 

 method is criticised and objected to as being 

 too deductive, too absolute, overfond of 

 competition, and too reliant upon the laissez- 

 faire^ or '' let-alone." The " new school " is 

 sketched on its positive side as making the 

 use of history a leading feature ; and the 

 value of this feature, and the extent and 

 qualifications under which it may be safely 

 applied, are discussed. This school has a 

 good title to novelty in merging economics in 

 the general science of sociology; and makes 

 an attempt to unite ethics with political 

 economy, which is pronounced impracticable 

 and perversive. Finally, the new school 

 lacks the gi-eat essential of a reason for ex- 

 isting, and, "as for scientific method in 

 economics, the time seems now to have ar- 

 rived when discussion is uncalled for, and 

 when the question may safely be left to set- 

 tle itself." 



A Text- Book of Biology. By J. R. Ains- 

 worth Davis. Philadelphia : P. Blakis- 

 ton, Son & Co. Pp. 462. Price, $4. 



The author of this work is Lecturer on 

 Biology in the University College of Wales. 

 The book is designed for the use both of 

 students who are studying alone, and those 

 who are working under guidance. It is " di- 

 vided into two parts, a botanical and a 

 zoological, each of which deals with a num- 

 ber of types morphologically and physio- 

 logically, then briefly draws out the points 

 of comparison between them, and ends with 

 an outline of classification." A bibliography, 

 and a set of examination questions, most of 

 which are reprinted from the London Uni- 



