484 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



as one thousand tons a year is said to have been gathered. At Luni- 

 ki-Kussi, on the west side of the Indus, sulphur is obtained by roast- 

 ing the loose earth. The sulphur-mines at Nakband (Kushalgarh), on 

 the Indus, eight miles from the mouth of the Kohat, are thirty to forty 

 feet deep, and have yielded largely, the ore being sublimed as in Beloo- 

 chistan. 



The sulphur at Puga, in Kashmir, occurs massive, and as a lining in 

 the clefts and fissures of a sort of quartz schist, often accompanied by 

 gypsum. The process of formation seems to be still at work, judg- 

 ing by hot springs in the neighborhood. The deposits are worked by 

 pits about eight feet deep, and adits of the same length ; but the produc- 

 tion is small. A trifling quantity of sulphur is deposited by hot 

 springs in the beds of the Ramgunga and Garjia Rivers, in the Kumaun 

 district of the Northwest Provinces ; and a considerable amount is 

 found in the galleries of the lead-mines at Mey war, on the Tons River, 

 in the Jaunsar district. Little is known of the Nepaulese sulphur 

 mines. In upper Burmah are several localities. 



The sulphur-deposits of the Italian Romagna are situated in the 

 Miocene lacustrine formation, and lie amid the sub-Apennine hills. 

 The mines worked in the province of Forli, by the Cesena Sulphur 

 Company, cover an area of about two hundred and sixty square kilo- 

 metres. Their average annual production for the seven years 1873-'79 

 was 27,789 tons. The cost of extraction, refining, and royalties come 

 to about four pounds per ton, according to Consul Colnaghi. The 

 mineral is worked by blasting, each miner having to bore three holes 

 in six hours, when all are fired simultaneously. At Pergola, some 

 sixty kilometres distant from Ancona, is a sulphur-mine worked by a 

 German company, which shipped ninety tons of refined sulphur to 

 England in 1880. In Central Italy, near Bologna, a vein is worked 

 which extends over fifteen miles in length. The ore is poor, and has 

 to be raised from a considerable depth. 



Sulphur is said to be abimdant in the Japanese island of Yezo. 



A good deal of sulphur is collected at Camiguin, in the Philippine 

 Islands. 



In Sicily, at the end of the Middle Miocene period, the sulphur- 

 bearing area was raised, and lakes were formed in which occurred the 

 deposition of the sulphur-rock and its accompanying gypsum, tripoli, 

 and silicious limestone. The sulphur-rock is composed of sulphur and 

 marly limestone, the sulphur being sometimes disseminated through the 

 limestone, and at others forming thin alternate layers with it. These 

 sulphur-bearing seams are often separated by layers of black marl, 

 twenty inches to six feet thick, some seams attaining a thickness of 

 twenty-eight feet. The total aggregate thickness of the sulphur- 

 seams reaches one hundred feet in one case, but the average total is 

 ten to twelve feet only. All the seams are decomposed at their outcrop, 

 and show only an accumulation of whitish friable earth, called hris- 



