SKETCH OF M. DE QUATBEFAGES. 699 



it is for its honor in the present and its prospects in the future that 

 the truth should appear ; and to enlighten them, whether it be con- 

 cerning cannons or silk-manufactures, telescopes or crystals, jewelry 

 or hardware, it is felt that science is indispensable, and men of science 

 are appealed to." 



Beginning with 1842, M. de Quatrefages made a number of scien- 

 tific voyages along the coasts of the ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, 

 and in Italy and Sicily, which furnished him with the materials for a 

 series of brilliant articles in the " Revue des Deux Mondes," some 

 of which were afterward published (1854) in a volume entitled 

 " Souvenirs d'un ISTaturaliste " (" Recollections of a Naturalist "). This 

 was published in London in 1857 as " Rambles of a Naturalist on the 

 Coasts of France, Spain, and Sicily." Among other works which he 

 has published on subjects of general zoology are, translating the titles : 

 "Considerations on the Zoological Characteristics of the Rodents" 

 (1840) ; " On the Organization of the Invertebrate Animals of the 

 Coasts of the British Channel " (in the " Annales des Sciences Natu- 

 relles," 1844) ; " Researches on the Nervous System, the Embryogeny, 

 the Sensory Organs, and the Circulation of the Annelids " (ibid., 1844- 

 1850) ; "On the Affinities and the Analogies of Earth-Worms and 

 Leeches" (ibid., 1852); "On the Natural History of the Teredos" 

 (ibid., 1848 and 1849). Invited by the Academy of Sciences to in- 

 vestigate the silk-worm disease, he published in 1859 " Studies," and 

 in 1860 " New Researches on the Present Diseases of Silk- Worms." 

 " Natural History of Marine and Fresh-Water Annelids " (186G) ; and 

 "La Rochelle and its Environs" (187G). The later studies of M. de 

 Quatrefages have been more predominantly in the direction of anthro- 

 pology ; and it is as an anthropologist that he is best known. In 

 " The Human Species," which appeared in 1879, he took distinct 

 ground in favor of the unity of the race. 



The question whether there exists a fundamental distinction between 

 man and animals he answered in the aftirmative, and justified his posi- 

 tion by the three considerations that man has the perception of moral 

 good and evil, independently of all physical welfare and suffering ; 

 that man believes in superior beings who can exercise an influence over 

 his destiny ; and that he believes in the pi'olongation of his existence 

 after this life. The author's idea of the moral and religious quality 

 in man is conveyed in the sentence, " The learned mathematician, who 

 seeks by the aid of the most profound abstractions the solution of 

 some great problem, is completely without the moral or religious 

 sphere into which, on the contrary, the ignorant, simple-minded man 

 enters when he struggles, suffers, or dies for justice or for his faith." 

 The different colors of men are regarded as results of accidental varia- 

 tions. Concerning the origin of the human species, M. de Quatre- 

 fages does not hesitate to reply in the negative to the question whether 

 it is possible to explain the appearance on our globe of a being " which 



