i8o THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



as to double representation. After exposing the so-called motor re- 

 gion * of each half of the brain of a dog, they removed the motor re- 

 gion on one half, and then found that faradization of the " arm-center " 

 on the half intact (left) produced universal convulsion ; they found, 

 too, that the sj)asm followed a particular order — that it affected the 

 right arm (so to call it), then the right leg, then the left leg, and then 

 the left arm.f Here seems to be evidence that both sides of the body 

 are represented in each half of the brain, and also that the two sides 

 are differently represented in each half. The distinguished French 

 physicians to whose observations I have referred hold, I must mention, 

 that "/e cerveau coinmence Vattaque, la protuberance^ le hulbe et la 

 moelle la generalisent.''^ If this be so, still proof is given that move- 

 ments of all parts of the body are under command of, if not repre- 

 sented fully in, each half of the brain. This is a matter of extreme 

 importance for the doctrines of evolution and dissolution. The evi- 

 dence, as I read it, is that the middle motor centers (a discharge be- 

 ginning in parts of which causes epileptiform seizures) of each half 

 of the brain represent movements of both sides of the body. Other 

 facts will, I think, show that the highest motor centers rerepresent in 

 more intricate combinations all that the middle centers have repre- 

 sented in simpler combinations ; a discharge beginning in part of 

 these more evolved centers produces an epileptic seizure, which is, so 

 to speak, a " more evolved convulsion " than an epileptiform seizure. 

 • [In the remainder of the lecture many degrees of aphasia were in- 

 stanced, to illustrate again different depths of dissolution and different 

 shallows of evolution remaining, and also to illustrate the dual symp- 

 tomatology of disease. The wrong words uttered by a patient who 

 has " defect of speech " are owing to activities of healthy nervous ar- 

 rangements, while the disease is answerable only for the patient's not 

 saying the right words. The states comparable in a case of " defect 

 of speech " with the states in the case of another aphasic who can only 

 say " No " are : (1) negatively, the inabilities in the former to say the 

 right words with the latter's speechlessness, and (2) positively, the 

 utterance of numerous wrong words by the former with the retention 

 of " Yes " and " No " only by the latter. In the former the dissolution 

 is slight, and the level of evolution very high ; in the latter the disso- 

 lution is deep, and the level of evolution very shallow,] — The Lancet. 



* I say " so-called motor region " not because I deny that the parts in this region are 

 motor — I call them the middle motor centers — but because I believe the parts in front to 

 be motor also, to be the highest motor centers. 



f " L'epilepsie peut done se gen^raliser malgr6 la destruction pr6alable de la zone 

 motrice d'un cote, malgre la section longitudinale complete du corps calleui." (Franck 

 and Pitres.) 



