ENTOMOLOGY 213 



on December 31, 1920, a series of papers were read on insect and 

 fungus control by means of dusting. These, and the discussions 

 which ensued, are reported in Journ. Econ, Entom. for April, 

 1 92 1. The subject was treated from not only the biological, 

 but also the physico-chemical and mechanical aspects. The 

 report on this symposium will interest economic entomologists 

 throughout the world. 



In the recently published text-book by Brues {Insects and 

 Human Welfare, Cambridge, Mass., pp. xii+104, 42 figs., $2*50), 

 an attempt is made to present some of the principles and 

 practices of economic entomology. Emphasis is laid upon the 

 variety of ways by means of which noxious insects are combated, 

 and the biological method of utilising their natural enemies and 

 parasites is regarded as the most promising. Another American 

 text-book has also appeared : it is edited by W. D. Pierce, and 

 entitled. Sanitary Entomology, Entomology of Disease, Hygiene 

 and Sanitation (Boston 1921, pp. xxvi + 518), and is a compre- 

 hensive work on the whole of the subjects embraced within its 

 scope. A second edition of E. D. Sanderson's Insect Pests of 

 the Farm, Garden, and Orchard, revised by L. M. Peairs, is now 

 available. It contains several new articles, and three ad- 

 ditional chapters. 



PALSIONTOLOGY. By W. P. Pycraft. F,Z.S„ A.L.S., F.R.A.I.. 



British Museum (Natural History), London. 



After my survey of 1920 there came to hand a paper of quite 

 exceptional interest on the Anatomy of the Pre-orbital Fossa in 

 the Equidge and other Ungulates : contributed by Dr. W. K. 

 Gregory to the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural 

 History, vol. xlii, 1920. A few years ago, it may be remembered, 

 Lydekker drew attention to the existence of a pre-orbital fossa 

 (malar fossa) in the skulls of Arab, Thoroughbred, and Shire 

 horses, which, he insisted, represented the last vestige of a once 

 much deeper fossa lodging a face-gland — " larmier." Dr. 

 Gregory, in this Memoir, shows conclusively that, in the first 

 place, the " pre-orbital fossa " of Lydekker is certainly no more 

 than a muscular depression, seating the origin of the Maxillo- 

 labialis superior ; and, in the second, that it is the lachrymal 

 fossa which lodges the face-gland, which is so conspicuous a 

 feature in so many ruminants. In existing Equidae this fossa, 

 as a rule, is barely traceable, but in many extinct species it was 

 of great size. Here, however, it served not for a face-gland, but 

 as the bed of a large nasal diverticulum extending backwards, 

 from the roof of the external nostril, as far as the level of the 

 eye. All that remains of this diverticulum in existing horses 

 is the vestige known as the " false nostril," which never 

 extends backwards beyond the level of the naso-premaxillary 



