470 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



introduces to us four Armenian Tracts on the structure of the Human Body; 

 The tracts date from the twelfth century or earUer. Those interested in the 

 history of medicine, in the East and West, will find here a very readable 

 translation and a helpful introduction. Dr. H. Hopstock's illuminating 

 account of Leonardo da Vinci as anatomist brings us to the beginning of 

 modern times. Dr. Hopstock is one of the greatest living authorities on 

 Leonardo, and, although he writes with great moderation, he has no difficulty 

 in making his reader realise the greatness of his hero. A great thinker and 

 a great artist, Leonardo was the greatest naturalist of the fifteenth century. 

 The beautiful plates which accompany the essay bring home to the reader 

 how effectively Leonardo used his artistic genius in the service of science. 

 The History of Anatomical Injections is dealt with very fully by Mr. F. J. 

 Cole, and the list of biological essays in the present volume is completed 

 by A Sketch of the History of Palasobotany, written by the late E. A. 

 Newell Arber. 



Intimately connected with the history of biological science is, of course, 

 the invention of the microscope, of the history of which Dr. Singer has made 

 a special study. The present volume contains an essay on the Steps leading 

 to the Invention of the First Optical Apparatus. In just under thirty pages 

 Dr. Singer marshals the chief historic data relating to his subject, and pre- 

 sents us with one of the most interesting narratives in a volume of many 

 Interesting narrations. Dr. Singer's story ends with Galileo, to whose 

 scientific work a special essay is devoted. The writer of the essay is Mr. 

 J. J. Fahie, and his account of the Scientific Works of Gahleo, with some 

 account of his life and trial, is worthy of our foremost authority on the 

 subject. An equally interesting and able account of Roger Bacon and the 

 State of Science in the thirteenth century is contributed by Mr. Robert Steele, 

 to whose excellent qualifications for the task these pages have recently 

 borne witness in a review of his edition of Roger Bacon's Secreium Secreiorum. 

 An important contribution to the early history of Mechanics is made by Mr. 

 J. M. Child in an account of Archimedes' Principle of the Balance, and some 

 criticisms upon it. And Dr. J. L. E. Dreyer's account of Medieval Astronomy 

 corrects some misconceptions in M. Pierre Duhem's great work. This 

 completes the list of contributions on the history of science. 



There remain three essays on what may broadly be called the Method 

 of Science and connected philosophical questions. An essay on Hypothesis 

 is contributed by Dr. F. C. S. Schiller, who writes in his usual style. Much 

 more important is the essay on Science and Metaphysics, by the late Mr. J. W. 

 Jenkinson. Finally, Mr. F. S. Marvin must be praised for one of the most 

 stimulating ^essays in the volume. His theme is Science and the Unity of 

 Mankind. A priori and cl, posteriori he tries to show the essentially social 

 nature of science and its tendency to become the fundamental bond of the 

 human race. In the future teaching of history, he rightly thinks, a large place 

 must be given to the history of science as the field on which the nations have 

 always worked together most easily. In his Preface, Dr. Singer gives a very 

 encouraging account of the recent progress of teaching and research in the 

 history of science. It is to be hoped that future Prefaces will continue to record 

 sufficient progress to encourage the hopes of Mr. Marvin and those who think 

 with him. 



A. Wolf. 



MATHEMATICS 



A Treatise on the Integral Calculus. By Joseph Edwards, M.A. Vol. I. 

 [Pp. XX + 907.] (London : Macmillan & Co., 1921. Price 50s. net.) 



In a review of the second edition of Mr. Edwards's Differential Calculus 

 Miss C. A. Scott [Bull. New York Math. Sac, 1, 1892, 217) venturned to poke 



