658 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



of banks in country towns in England that for long was " the wonder and 

 admiration of Europe." 



To return to our consideration of Quaker families, we may next consider 

 the Barclays, of Ury in Scotland. They are descended from Theobald de 

 Berkeley, who was living about 1 140. One of his descendants, David Barclay, 

 born in 1580, is recorded as having sold estates that had been in the possession 

 of the family for 550 years. A later descendant was Robert Barclay the 

 Apologist (1648-1690), one of the earliest of the Quakers. His controversial 

 writings prove that his capacity for conscious reasoning was well developed. 

 He showed no capacity in business, but his son was a successful London mer- 

 chant. He had four grandsons, of whom three became bankers. Their descen- 

 dants founded the important London bank till lately known as Barclay, Bevan, 

 Tritton & Co. ^ 



Richard Hanbury (1647-17 14) was one of the earliest members of the j 



Society of Friends. His grandson John was known throughout Europe as 

 " the greatest tobacco merchant of his day, perhaps in the world." The 

 grandson of this last was the first Hanbury of the Quaker firm of Truman, 

 Hanbury & Co., brewers. 



As regards the Hoare family of bankers, it is known that a Major Hoare 

 went from Devonshire to Ireland as an ofi&cer in Cromwell's army. He had 

 five sons. Four of these did not become Quakers and no records are known as 

 to their having shown business capacity. The remaining son, Francis, joined 

 the Society of Friends, and afterwards was a merchant and a banker in Cork. 

 Francis had a son, Samuel, who was a London merchant in the Irish provision 

 trade. The son of Samuel, also named Samuel (1751-1825), was a banker in 

 London and founded the present firm. 



Tangye's pumps and engines are known all over the world. The founder 

 of the firm, Sir Richard Tangye, a Quaker, was a grandson of an agricultural 

 labourer of the Methodist persuasion. Richard's father, a miner, joined the 

 Wesley ans and afterwards became a Quaker. It is recorded of Sir Richard 

 Tangye that " he had a remarkable power of coming to a quick decision on 

 any matter of business, however complicated, which was put before him. . . . 

 He would himself have been at a loss, not infrequently, to explain the process 

 by which he arrived at the decision." Thus instead of relying on conscious 

 reasoning, he had a power of deciding intuitively similar, perhaps, to the power 

 often possessed by doctors of making a rapid diagnosis without being able to 

 give reasons for their decision. 



More often the evidence available as to the origin of the business ability 

 of Quakers is less complete. The records show that many large business 

 firms were founded by them, and there is no evidence that their non-Quaker 

 ancestors had any conspicuous success in commerce. 



Quakers early obtained a reputation for shrewdness in business affairs. 

 This perhaps was shown especially in their preference for businesses that 

 supplied articles or conveniences for which there was a great public demand. 



The predominance of Quaker bankers in country towns in England has 

 already been mentioned. 



At one time almost every town in England had a Quaker wine merchant 

 or a Quaker brewer or a Quaker maltster. Among Quaker breweries are, or 

 rather were, Walkers, Parkinson, Aliens, Hanbury, Barclay and Perkins. 

 Owing to the temperance movement, in which Friends played an important 

 part, Quakers have now given up the trade in alcoholic beverages. 



Horniman, a Quaker, a self-made man, born in 1803, was retailer of tea by 

 which he made a fortune and died worth more than ;^3oo,ooo. 



Zephaniah Fry, born in 1658, was a follower of George Fox. His grandson. 

 Dr. Joseph Fry, purchased a patent for making cocoa and founded the 

 firm of S. F. Fry & Sons, cocoa manufacturers, of Bristol. Francis, the grand- 

 son of Dr. Joseph Fry (i 803-1 886), greatly enlarged the firm. He was a 



