origin of a new enzyme, it is difficult to see how complex synthetic pathways 

 could have evolved. I know of no alternative hypothesis that is equally 

 simple and plausible. 



The Place of Genetics in Modern Biology, 



In a sense genetics grew up as an orphan. In the beginning botanists and 

 zoologists were often indifferent and sometimes hostile toward it. "Genetics 

 deals only with superficial characters", it was often said. Biochemists like- 

 wise paid it little heed in its early days. They, especially medical biochemists, 

 knew of Garrod's inborn errors of metabolism and no doubt appreciated 

 them in the biochemical sense and as diseases; but the biological world was 

 inadequately prepared to appreciate fully the significance of his investigations 

 and his thinking. Geneticists, it should be said, tended to be preoccupied 

 mainly with the mechanisms by which genetic material is transmitted from 

 one generation to the next. 



Today, happily, the situation is much changed. Genetics has an estabhshed 

 place in modern biology. Biochemists recognize the genetic material as an 

 integral part of the systems with which they work. Our rapidly growing knowl- 

 edge of the architecture of proteins and nucleic acids is making it possible 

 — for the first time in the history of science — for geneticists, biochemists 

 and biophysicists to discuss basic problems of biology in the common language 

 of molecular structure. To me, this is most encouraging and significant. 



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