OF AETS AND SCIENCES. 249 



New York, and became subsequently Professor of Political Science in 

 the Law School of the same institution. That this appointment was 

 acceptable to him, that he regarded it as a refuge from trouble in the 

 future, as well as a highly honorable position in itself, we have reason 

 to believe. For, although he never belonged to the abolitionist party, 

 ev^y one knew that he could not love the institutions of slavery, and 

 the spirit of disunion was every year gathering fresh strength, as he 

 foresaw clearly. For words written a quarter of a century before, 

 he was, it is said, in or about 1856, brought to the bar of a savage 

 press and mob, such as reigned in Southern towns. He went to New 

 York at the height of his reputation as the first writer on political and 

 social science in the country. Three years before he changed his 

 home, he published his " Civil Liberty and Self- Government,"' one of 

 his wisest and most praised works. In the city of New York, sur- 

 rounded by friends who respected and honored him, he discharged his 

 duties in the academical department of Columbia College, and also 

 lectured in the Law School on the doctrine of rights and on interna- 

 tional law. In a few years the war broke out, in which as a writer, a 

 member of the Union League, and by every influence within his reach, 

 he gave the most ardent support to the side of Union and freedom. 

 The war called forth one production of his pen, small in extent, but 

 much labored and full of practical wisdom. We refer to the " Instruc- 

 tions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field," 

 which received the warmest plaudits from European publicists. One of 

 them, M. Rolin-Jaecquemyns, in remarking that Lieber's influence was 

 not confined to mere theory, says : " Pour n'en rappeler qu'un exemple 

 encore recent et connu de tons, noi;s citerons ces fameuses ' Instruc- 

 tions,' ... si souvent invoquees en Europe, surtout depuis la derniere 

 guerre, comme une des plus heureuses tentatives de conciliation entre 

 ce que permet la necessite de la guerre et ce que defend I'humanite." 

 And Dr. Bluntschli has printed the "Listructions" entire at the end of his 

 "Modernes Volkerrecht," and in the introduction gives this war-code as 

 an example of what one State can do in the advancement of the general 

 law of nations. " During the American civil war," he adds, " and in 

 April, 1863, the 'Instructions for tlie Government of the Armies of the 

 United States in the Field ' appeared, which is to be regarded as the 

 very first codification of the laws of war, in wars upon the land. This 

 was sketched by one of the most respected jurists and political philos- 

 ophers of America, Professor Lieber ; was approved by a commission 

 of officers, and accepted by Mr. Lincoln, President of the United States. 

 . . . These ' Instructions ' are much more extensive and complete than 

 VOL. I. 32 



