OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 233 



Rocks and stones (granite), ascending to alpine districts; New Eng- 

 land. Arctic America, Rich. Areola sometimes dispersed and squa- 

 maceous, with subimmersed, punctiform (imperfect) apothecia. Such 

 a state, according to Fries, is the Endocarpon smaragdulum of some 

 authors ; and a similar one, tinged dark red by the oxide of iron, the 

 Endocarpon Sinopicum, Wahl. The former is common in New Eng- 

 land, and occurs in New York, Halsey. The latter is frequent on al- 

 pine and subalpine rocks on our higher mountains. 



61. P. Sophocles, Ach. Cr. tartareous, verrucose-granulate, from 

 green becoming fuscescent ; hypoth. black ; disk opake, unpolished, 

 fuscous-nigrescent, thalline margin thick, at length rugulose. Fr. Li- 

 chenogr. p. 149. Lecanora, Ach. — /?. exigua, Fr. ; small ; crust fus- 

 cous-cinerascent ; hypoth. obsolete; margins of the apothecia whitish, 

 and disappearing. Fr. I. c. Lecanora, Ach. 



Trunks and dead wood ; New England. New York (« and /5), Hal- 

 sey. Pennsylvania («), Muhl. Arctic America (/5), Rich. 



62. P. ventosa, Ach. Cr. tartareous, rimose-areolate, pale-yellow; 

 hypoth. white ; apoth. appressed, at length irregular, disk somewhat 

 convex, dark-brownish-red, with a thin, pale, very entire margin. Fr. 

 Lichenogr. p. 153. Lecanora, Ach. 



Alpine and subalpine rocks ; White Mountains, Newfoundland, 

 Pylaie, and northward to Arctic America, Rich. 



63. P. varia, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, areolate-verrucose, yellowish- 

 green, becoming ochroleucous ; hypoth. smooth, macular ; apoth. ses- 

 sile, disk polished, yellowish-flesh-colored, or discolored, with a thin, 

 erect, entire margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 156. — «. Fr. ; apoth. scutel- 

 liform, plano-concave, with a persistent, sometimes crenulate, or pul- 

 verulent thalline margin. Fr. ! I. c. P. varia, Ach. — /?. symmicta, Fr. ; 

 disk of the apothecia somewhat excluding the paler, very entire mar- 

 gin, from pale-yellowish becoming fuscous. Fr. ! I. c. — /. sepincola, 

 Fr. ; apoth. somewhat immersed, convex, immarginate, from fulvous 

 becoming black. Fr. I. c. Lecidea, Ach. — d. poJytropa, Fr. ; crust 

 areolate and granulate ; margins of the apothecia pale, entire, some- 

 what flexuous. Fr. I. c. Lecidea, Ach. 



Dead wood, stones, and trunks; New England. New York, Halsey. 

 Pennsylvania, Muhl. — /?, granite rocks in mountainous districts ; New 

 England. Arctic America, Rich. 



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