CONTENTS IX 



XIV. Natural philosophical biology: 



I. Germany and Scandinavia 2.86 



■3.. England and France 2.93 



PART THREE 

 MODERN BIOLOGY 



BIOLOGY DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 

 NINETEENTH CENTURY 



I. From natural philosophy to modern biology: 



I. The predecessors of comparative anatomy 301 



2.. Humboldt 314 



3. Lamarck 316 



II. Cuvier 331 



III. Bichat and his tissue theory 344 



IV. Cuvier's younger contemporaries 35i 

 V. The progress of embryology 362. 



VI. The development of experimental research and its application 



to comparative biology 370 



VII. Microscopy and cytology 389 

 VIII. The continued development of biology until the advent of 

 Darwinism: 



I. Experimental research work 406 



-L. Morphology and classification 414 



3. Microbiology 42.6 



4. Botany 435 

 IX. Positivist and materialist natural philosophy 441 



* 



FROM DARWIN TO OUR OWN DAY 



X. The preconditions of Darwinism: 



I . Modern geology 453 



1. The ideal preconditions of Darwinism 458 



