CONTENTS 



PART ONE 



BIOLOGY IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY, THE MIDDLE 

 AGES, AND THE RENAISSANCE 



I. The development of biology amongst the primitive peoples 



and the civilized nations of the East 3 



II. The earliest Greek natural philosophy 8 



III. The earlier phase of Greek medical science and its significance 



for the development of biology 15 



IV. The end of natural-philosophical speculation. The prede- 



cessors of Aristotle 30 



V. Aristotle 34 



VI. Natural-philosophical systems after Aristotle 45 



VII. Specialized biological research after Aristotle 50 



VIII. The decline of science in late antiquity 58 



IX. Biological science among the Arabians 68 



X. Biology during the Christian Middle Ages 74 



THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY DURING THE 

 RENAISSANCE 



«; 



XI. The end of mediaeval science 8z 



XII. New cosmic ideas and new scientific method 84 

 XIII. Descriptive biological research during the Renaissance: 



I. Zoography 91 



X. Anatomy 98 



8S070 



