MODERN BIOLOGY 417 



attitude, however, Owen became more and more isolated towards the end 

 of his life, and after his death there were erected in the museum he had 

 founded the statues of Darwin and Huxley, but not his own. Nevertheless, 

 there are to be found deep traces of his influence even in the champions of 

 the origin-of-species theory, chiefly perhaps in Haeckel, whose principal 

 work even in its very title — Generelle Morphologic — recalls one of Owen's 

 expressions referred to in the foregoing, and whose method of morphological 

 comparison shows obvious traces of the influence of the English anti-Dar- 

 winist. 



In the same year as Owen there was born another of the foremost biol- 

 ogists of that period — namely, Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold. At 

 the time of his birth (1804) his father was a professor at Wiirzburg, but was 

 afterwards called to Berlin. The son studied there under Rudolphi and at 

 Gottingen under Blumenbach, but after attaining his doctor's degree had 

 to take up a practice, first in the provinces and afterwards in Danzig, whither 

 he removed in order to have an opportunity of studying marine animals. On 

 account of his writings he was appointed professor, first of anatomy and 

 physiology at Erlangen, later, in succession to Purkinje, at Breslau, and 

 afterwards of zoology and comparative anatomy at Munich. There he died 

 in 1885, having for some years previously been incapable of fulfilling his 

 duties owing to ill health. 



Besides Siebold we should mention his friend Friedrich Hermann Stan- 

 Nius (1808-83). Born in Hamburg, he studied at Breslau and Berlin under 

 J. Miiller; he became a lecturer under him and later professor at Rostock. 

 Thanks to his activities there, that small and ill-conducted provincial uni- 

 versity acquired a wide reputation. Unfortunately his career was prematurely 

 cut short; after some years of failing health he became the victim of an in- 

 curable mental disease and spent the last two decades of his life in an asylum. 



The results of the collaboration of these two scientists were recorded in 

 a Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie, in which Siebold took the invertebrate 

 section and Stannius the vertebrates. This work was published in 1846 — 

 that is to say, about the same time as Owen's work just referred to, and 

 manifestly quite independently of it. A comparison between the two works 

 is therefore not without its interest. In both the manner of presentation is 

 largely the same; the organs are dealt with no longer throughout the entire 

 animal kingdom, but each larger main group is considered by itself, and the 

 organs are compared within that group; the natural-philosophical method 

 of comparison of the early years of the century is abandoned. The two Ger- 

 man biologists generally avoid all speculation; their presentation is based 

 solely on fact; thus, they do not possess the wealth of ideas of Owen, but 

 their presentation is founded on a particularly many-sided knowledge of 

 detail; they also pay special attention to microscopical anatomy, which 



