I ND 



On the Soul, biological work by Aristotle, 37 

 On Volcanic Islands, geological treatise by 



Darwin, 465 

 Ophthalmascope, invented by Hclmholtz, 409 

 "Opsonins," discovery of, 598 

 Opuscula anatomka, treatise by Eustacchi, 106 

 Ordo plantarum, botanical work by Rivinus, 



195 

 Organic chemistry, 370, 371; development of, 



406 

 Organische Bewegung in ihrtm Zusammenhange 



mit dem Stojfwechsel, essay on energy by 



Mayer, 408 

 Organographie, by de Candolle, 438 

 Origin of species, Darwin's theory of, 465 

 Orsted, 2.77 



Osteographie, by Blainville, 360 

 Osteology, Greek study of, z8 

 Overton, Charles Ernest, English scientist, 



595 

 Ovists, school of 18th-century biologists, 



17}. 2.30 

 Owen, Richard, English anatomist, 414-417, 

 4x8, 441, 478, 479, 489, 502. 



Palaeontology, contribution of Steno to, 157; 



pioneer work of Cuvier, 337 

 Pallas, Peter Simon, German scientist, 1.60, 



^62., 353 

 Pander, Heinrich Christian, German scientist, 



363, 368-369, 517 

 Pangenesis theory of Darwin, 471 

 Paracelsus, 133-139, 177, 180, 2.69, 2.79, 611 

 Paramirum, work on science by Paracelsus, 135, 



136 

 Parasitic research, pioneer work by Rudolphi 



in. 353 

 Parmenides, Greek philosopher of Eleatic 



school, 15-18, zo 



Parthenogenesis, discovered by Bonnet, 144 



Pasteur Institutes, establishment of, 432. 



Pasteur, Louis, French scientist, 432.-435, 449, 



5V. 546, 548. 549. 554> 571. 597 

 Paulus of /Egina, Byzantine physician and 



author, 74, 75 

 Pauly, August, German biologist, 571, 6iz 

 Pecquet, Jean, medical student, 143, 144 

 Perigenesis der Plastiduh, Die, by Haeckel, 519 

 Peripatetic Problems, by Cesalpino, 113, 114 

 Perrault, Claude, French physician and archi- 

 tect, i53-i55> 158, 174. 177. MO. 305. 310 

 Petersen, C. G. J., Danish scientist, 559 

 Pfeffer, Wilhelm, German botanist, 576, 578, 



589. 595 

 Pflaniengeographie auf physiologischer Grundlage, 



by Schimpfcr, 561 



EX XI 



Phagocyte theory, produced by MctschnikofF, 



598 

 Pharmacology, beginnings of, 5; development 



by Arabs, 69 

 Phonological biology, originated by Linnaeus, 



ZI5 

 Philosophica botanica, by Linnaeus, Z14, 2.82., 437 

 Philosophie chimique, by de Fourcroy, 371 

 Philosophic zpologique, by Lamarck, yio, 32.3, 



314, 3i6, 330 

 Philosophy, origin of term, 11 

 Phlogiston, chemical theory invented by Stahl, 



179, 180, x64, z65 

 Physica, mediaeval treatise on natural history, 



78 



Physiologic vigetale, by de Candolle, 438 



Physiologus, medixval treatise on natural his- 

 tory, 78 



Physiology, early ideas of, 3, 4, 5; Greek de- 

 velopment of, x-j, 18; Aristotle's conception 

 of, 41; aid of Paracelsus to, 137; contribu- 

 tion of Haller to, Z35, 136; evolutional, 578 



Pinax theatri botanici, botanical work by 

 Bauhin, 194 



Plate, Ludwig, German biologist, 572., 573 



Plato, Greek philosopher, 19, 31-33, 41, 48, 

 59, 61, 65, 76, IZ3, 190, z69, 611 



Pliny, Roman natural philosopher, 53-57, 65, 

 73, 80, 94, 191, XXi 



Plotinus, founder of neo-Platonism, 66 



Politia natura, treatise by Linnaeus, 2.15 



Polo, Marco, 81 



Positive philosophy, system developed by 

 Comtc, 443 



Positivism, as a conception of nature, 441 



Pouchet, Felix Archimede, French scientist, 



433. 434. 479. 571 

 Precipitin reaction, discovered by Uhlenhuth, 



598 

 Preformation theory, developed by Swammer- 



dam, 170, 12.5, x3o; Bonnet's conception, 



Z45, 2.48, 149-151, 3 6z 

 Prenant, Auguste, French scientist, 541 

 Priestlev, John, English chemist, i8o, 164, 165 

 Principle of Population, The, by Malthus, 460 

 Principles of Geology, by Lyell, 456 

 Pringsheim, Nathaniel, German botanist, 558 

 Printing, its service to the spread of scientific 



knowledge, 91, 94, 99 

 Prodromus, botanical work by Bauhin, 194 

 Prodrotnus systematis naturalis regni vegetahilis, 



by de Candolle, 437 

 Prometheus, poetical work by Goethe, z8o 

 Protagoras, founder of Sophist philosophy, 14 

 Protozoa, investigations of, 545 

 Prowazek, S., pupil of Schaudinn, 550 



