igi4 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page 57 



are suitable for making soaps are rather 

 complex compounds, but for the pur- 

 pose of this discussion may be consid- 

 ered to be composed of two iniijortant 

 constituents of ojjposite chemical char- 

 acteristics: (1) Glycerine, which is 

 chemically known as a weak base and 

 (2) a fatty acid, the kind of acid de- 

 pending upon the kind of fat or oil. 

 The lyes used in making soap are 

 strongly basic compounds in which the 

 alkali metal (potassium or sodium) is 

 the base. They may or may not also 

 have an acidic component. Bases pos- 

 sess different degrees of chemical 

 activity and may be strong or weak 

 bases. The stronger bases have the 

 habit of replacing the weaker ones in 

 a chemical compound. Other causes 

 than the above also have to do with the 

 replacement of one base by another, 

 but to take up this would lead us too 

 far from the subject. The potassium 

 and sodium bases are very strong bases, 

 while glycerine is a weak base, so that 

 when the conditions are right the potas- 

 sium or sodium of a lye will replace 

 the glycerine of a fat or oil and enter 

 into chemical combination with the 

 fatty acids. Now this is just what hap- 

 pens in the process of soap making. 

 (In the case of resin, oleic acid, etc., 

 these substances have no base, but are 

 of an acidic nature and will unite 

 directly with the alkali bases to form 

 a soap.) A soap, then, may be consid- 

 ered to be a fat or an oil in which the 

 weak-base glycerine has been leplaced 

 by a stronger metallic base. Now it 

 happens that the only soaps which will 

 dissolve in water are the potassium and 

 sodium soaps. Soaps of the other met- 

 als (such as lead, lime or copper soaps) 

 are also readily formed, but these are 

 all gummy, sticky masses, entirely in- 

 soluble in water and unsuitable for the 

 preparation of spray mixtures. Fur- 

 thermore, if any soluble form of lead, 

 lime, copper, iron or any of the metals, 

 except potassium or sodium, comes in 

 contact with a dissolved soap the soap 

 is broken up and an insoluble soap is 

 formed corresponding to the metal. 

 That is, a lead, lime, copper, iron or 

 other insoluble soaj). These soaps of 



Have You O 

 Read This • 



"At my home on Nob Hill I have two wahiut trees 

 wliich I purcliased from your Company. Tliey are 

 now 13 years old: were one year old wlien planted. 

 They have been bearing eight years. The trees are 

 pei-fectly hardy, bavins ultlistood a freeze of 2i) de- 

 grees below zero, I gathered over six bushels of nuts 

 from those two trees last fall. My grocer pronounced 

 them superior in size and flavor to California nuts." 

 — E. W. Brackelt, North Yakima. 



Spare liere forbids much explanation, but if yon 

 will «Tite us we will gladly explain tlie dilTerenre 

 between the famous YROOMAN PITIE STRAIN 

 FRANQUETTE WALNUT and the common sort. 

 You can afford and should have at least a few of 

 these most desirable trees in your orchard. Write ur 

 — now. We also have, you understand, the largest, 

 assortment and stock of all kinds of fnnts, berries, 

 vines, roses, etc.. in the West. ORENCO trees arc 

 planted from coast to coast, because they are known 

 I.I !».■ ;ihv;iys- dfiie'idiihle- -first class. 



Oregon Nursery Company 



ORENCO. OREGON 

 Dependablo Salesmen Wanted 



Your Future, Mr. Shipper 



is of far greater consequence than your past. 



Experience is the Best Teacher 



Then wliy not you profit from the experience of others? 



If you have lost money in the past, through misjudg- 

 ment of your customers, that should be only another 

 reason to convince you that intimate knowledge of the 

 habits, policies and standing of your patrons (irrespec- 

 tive of whether you are marketing through distributing 

 agents) is positively necessary if you expect and desire 

 greatest success. 



There is But One Place in the Whole World 



Where you can get that knowledge— that confidential information. 



Write us to explain our service. 



You place yourself under no obligation whatever. 



PRODUCE REPORTER CO. 



NEW YORK, N. Y. 



Fruit Trade Building 



CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 



Bell Telephone Building 



Ground Phosphate Rock 



The Natural Plant Food and Permanent Soil Builder 



1,000 pounds per acre once In each four years will costabout $1.00 per acre per year- At 

 Pennsylvania State College $1.05 invested in Rock Phosphate gave Increased yields of 

 $fi.85— over 500°;. At Maryland Experiment Station $1.96'4 gave $22.11-over 1,000°^ At Ohio 

 Station each dollar paid for itself and gave $5.68 profit. At Illinois Station $2.50 gave the 

 same return as $250 invested in land. 



Each ton contains 280 pounds of pho8phorouB,not rendered available artificially by high- 

 priced destructive acids, but so finely ground as to become available in nature's own way- 



United States Phosphate Co., Salt Lake City, Utah 



WRITE FOR LITERATURE 

 "Perfection of fineness in grinding," our motto 



EFFICIENCY 



An organization along broad and liberal lines for a 

 nation wide, safe and sane distribution of Tree and 

 Vine Fruits. Our services are a\ailahle through 

 our associate members to any and all growers and 

 shippers of fruit. 



MEMBERS 



Geo. H. Anderson Newcastle I'ruit Co. 



A. Block Fruit Co. Penryn Fruit Co. 



Earl Fruit Co. F. B. McKevitt Co. 



Geo. D. Kellogg: & Son Pioneer Fruit Co. 



Producers Fruit Co. 

 Schnabel Bros. Co. 

 Silva & Bergtholdt Co. 

 \'acaville Fruit Co. 



California Fruit Distributors 



CHAS. E. VIRDEN, General Manager 



SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 



WHEN WKITIm; ADVliRTlSERS MENTION BETTER FBl'IT 



