242 MAGUIRE 



Killip and Smith continued their association in their expedition to Peru, col- 

 lecting in the field from the beginning of April until October. Killip independ- 

 ently made several additional trips to Colombia. 



These four expeditions yielded more than 20,000 collection numbers, includ- 

 ing a total of some 70,000 sheets, a remarkable accomplishment that could 

 only have been made by the combined resources of several institutions and a 

 number of efficient field operators. As a result of these activities, and those 

 of Schultes, Idrobo, and Garcia-Barriga, and the materials of the Cinchona 

 Mission, the collections of the National Herbarium are now especially rich 

 in plants of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. 



University of California Botanical Garden Expeditions to the 

 Andes (1935-1952). For a period of fifty years, T. H. Goodspeed, W. A. 

 Setchell, who initiated the program, and numerous collaborators brought to 

 focus the several techniques of exploration, geography, taxonomy, experimental 

 culture, anatomy, morphology, and cytology upon the study of a single genus, 

 Nicotiana. Goodspeed's monographic treatment. The Genus Nicotiana, 1954, 

 resulting from the concentrated application of so many interrelated disciplines 

 of botanical science, is an outstanding example of results to be achieved by 

 concert in research. 



Of particular interest here is the field program. Between 1935 and 1952, 

 five expeditions were sent into the field to Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, 

 Nicaragua, Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and Argen- 

 tina. Besides Goodspeed, some nineteen botanists took part at one time or 

 another in the field operation of the five expeditions. A total of 13,673 collec- 

 tions was obtained; principal sets are at the University of California. 



In greater part, these collections were not directly related to the primary 

 project, the study of Nicotiana. In the future, as they become incorporated 

 in the taxonomic and geographic studies of the Central and South American 

 Cordillera, accessory and subordinate material results of the expeditions will 

 continuously become of more evident importance. Professor Goodspeed wrote: 

 "It might be noted that the floras in general of the regions traversed were 

 collected and mapped with the result that the University of California Botan- 

 ical Garden Expeditions to the Andes have made not an inconsiderable con- 

 tribution to knowledge of the composition and distribution of the vegetation 

 of western South America." 



The "Cinchona" Program. As a result of the exclusion of the United States 

 and its allies from the source of raw materials in the Far East by the out- 

 break of the war with Japan, an emergency program dealing with the pro- 

 curement and study of native American species of Cinchona was inaugurated 

 by the Federal government. In 1942 and 1943 the formative stages of the 

 program to obtain cinchona-bark for the emergency production of quinine 

 were initiated by the U.S. Board of Economic Warfare. The program was 

 officially terminated in April, 1945. 



