355] [ARVAE OF THE TENTHREDINOIDEA—YUASA 37 



SUPERFAMILY TENTHREDINOIDEA 



Larvae with exposed, well diflferentiated head, trunk consisting of three 

 thoracic and ten visible abdominal segments; spiracles always present on 

 prothorax and first eight abdominal segments; antennae and chitinized 

 dentate mandibles always present; ocellarae, when present, always one on 

 each side of the head; thoracic legs, when present, always three pairs, 

 a pair to each segment; larvapods, when present, always six pairs or 

 more, and except the Xyelidae, are never on the first and ninth abdominal 

 segments, but always on the second abdominal segment, and never with 

 crochets; mouth-parts, when normal, with mandibles strongly chitinized 

 with distinct dentes, dextral dentes differing in number, shape, and 

 arrangement from sinistral; maxillae with cardo, stipes, palpifer, palpus, 

 galea, and lacinia present, palpus typically with four segments, galea 

 conical, digit-like, and lacinia usually flattened, its cephalic margin with a 

 fringe of setae; labium with submentum, mentum, palpi, stipulae, and 

 totaglossa, palpi typically with three segments, totaglossa membranous, 

 bulbose, with a sericos on its meso-distal portion; general appearance of 

 body caterpillar-like or grub-like; free leaf -feeders, leaf-miners, web- 

 spinners, leaf-rollers, wood- and stem-borers, and parasitic larvae. 



Free Leaf-feeders. — Body caterpillar-like; thorax with well-developed, 

 distinctly segmented legs, typically with five segments, coxa, trochanter, 

 femur, tibia, and tarsus and tarsal claw; abdomen typically with a pair of 

 larvapods on segments 2-7 or 2-8 and 10; ultimate segment sometimes 

 with caudal protuberances but never with a distinct suranal process or with 

 subanal appendages; head typically semiglobose; antennae typically mul- 

 tisegmented, segments one to five in number; ocellarae always present, 

 usually located dorsad of antennariae; mouth-parts well developed and 

 typical in structure; abdominal segments usually with five to seven annu- 

 lets, some of which bear transverse rows of setae and often some glandubae; 

 head, thoracic legs, and anal area usually setiferous; majority of Tenthre- 

 dinidae and Xyelidae. 



Leaf-miners. — Body somewhat depressed, head sometimes distinctly 

 depressed and mouth-parts directed cephalo-ventrad; thoracic legs small, 

 modified, number of segments reduced to four or to one, legs sometimes 

 entirely fleshy, conical, or mamma-like, with or without tarsal claws; 

 abdomen with very small larvapods or larvapods nearly obsolete; mouth- 

 parts sometimes modified, labial and maxillary palpi with reduced number 



