III. Systematik, Faunistik, Biologie. 1. Pisces. II. Faunae. 91 



A. Duly. Mcintosh {^) p 57 confirms Willughby's opinion that the viviparous 

 Blenny brings forth its young in the depth of winter, and remarks on the yonng 

 in a fnlly developed $ . Ewart & Brook make interesting observations on the 

 spawning of the Cod. The experiments were carried on in Rothesay Aquarium 

 on Fish which had been in the tanks for four years, with the exception of one in- 

 troduced in october. The spawn appears to be shed at daybreak , while the fish 

 are swimming about freely in the water, and the eggs are fertilized at, or as they 

 rise to the surface. BrOOk (^) records observations on the hatching and deve- 

 lopment oi Motella mustela deposited in his aquarium in the months of May and 

 June. He gives a list of the principal species of pelagic eggs observed, where the 

 observers State the time of hatching, by which it appears that the period of in- 

 cubation varies from 20 hours to 20 days. He is of opinion that until more is 

 known of the influence of temperature on the ova, the development of one Fish 

 cannot be satisfactorily compared with another. Brook (^) writes on the develop- 

 ment of the Herring. Prince describes the nesting and development of the 

 Sea Stickleback, and remarks that the (^ of this species diflfers from the Fresh- 

 water Stickleback in not assuming brilliant colours in the breeding season. Both 

 sexes exhibit a similar marking. The (J' alone appears to construct the nest as 

 in the latter species, and though Q. Fishes, distended with eggs, often hover 

 near during the building process, none were observed at St Andrew's to take any 

 part in the work. The Statement published by Heincke that both sexes build the 

 nest is probably incorrect and due to the similarity of the hues of both sexes. 

 Möbius has discovered that the white silky threads with which the (^ surrounds 

 the nest after the Q has deposited her ova, are a peculiar modification of mu- 

 cine »formed in the Kidneys of the male, and, indeed, in the epithelial cells of the 

 urinary canals, which exert this form of activity at the time of reproduction only.« 

 [see antea p S2.] Agassiz & Whitman (^) describe the development of some 

 pelagic Fish eggs . On the young s tage s of Fish see Agassiz & Whitman (^], 

 Emery and Mcintosh. 



n. Faunae. 

 a. Europe. 



F i n 1 a n d : Cyprinidae and Salmonidae Sundman. 



Norway andSweden; Lilljeborg gives extensive descriptions, etc., ofAcan- 

 thopterygii. 



Baltic: Nettelbladt. 



Eussia: Ssura river Warpachowsky. 



Scotland: For information respecting the Fish and Fisheries see Report of 

 the Fisheries of Scotland, Vol. 3. — Aberdeen. Day (^) makes remarks on 

 rare Fishes off the Coast; and Sim records the occurrence of Alopias vulpes, Rhi- 

 na squatina, Sebastes nonoegicus , Carelophus ascanii, and Coris juHs. St. An- 

 drews: Mcintosh (^ — ^] makes reports on the Fish observed at the Ma- 

 rine Laboratory, with remarks on the spawning of certain marine Fish [Cottus, 

 Agonus, Zoarces, Anarrhichas, and Clupea\ 



Germany: Wiedemann gives a list of 47 known species of Fish from Swabia 

 and Neuburg. 



Switzerland: Fatio distinguishes among the 24 forms of Coregonus found 

 in the lakes only 2 species and 2 intermediate forms (see Salmonidae). Forel has 

 published a list, with a few notes on the known species of Fish from the same 

 locality. Pittier & Ward record 4 well-known species of Fish from Vaud. 



