the direction of waterflow) causes dnw-nwelling, 

 and decreasing bed depth causes upwelUng. The 

 relation between direction of interchange and the 

 shape of the streambed siu-face profile of the 

 spawning bed was tested witli an electrolytic-bath 

 analog model and found to be correct. 



The results of this work clearly demonstrate 

 that the direction and magnitude of interchange 

 in salmon spawning beds can be controlled bj- 

 simple alteration of one or more of the three 

 characteristics: (1) the surface profile of the bed, 

 (2) the bed depth, and (3) the bed permeability. 

 Selective removal of fine particles from "patches" 

 of spawning gravel or the driving of impermeable 

 sheet pilings coidd, for example, increase inter- 

 change and the amount of dissolved oxygen 

 delivered to eggs and alevins. 



NOTATION 



NOTATION— Continued 



Symbol 



Notation 



Symbol 



Notation 



Units (Length, force, 

 mass, time) 



a 

 b 



d 



Ah 



J 

 k 



A- 



A^R. 



P 

 1 



V(x) 



V 



w 

 X, y, i 



Length of reach of streambed. 

 Depth of streambed. 

 Constants of Ergim's equation. 

 Stream depth. 

 Acceleration due to gravity. 

 Newton's law constant, defined 



by force=— massXaccelera- 



tion. 

 Head loss. 



Unit vector in i direction. 

 Unit vector in y direction. 

 Unit vector in z direction. 

 Permeability, a function of 



(x, y, 2)- 



Length of permeameter. 



Distance variable in direction 

 normal to a surface. 



Reynold's number based on 

 particle diameter. 



Parameter for adjusting bound- 

 ary potential in equation 

 (10). 



Pressure. 



A positive adjustable param- 

 eter, (equation (13)). 



Distance variable along a 

 streamline. 



Average stream velocity. 



Seepage velocity. 



Width of streambed. 



Distance variables along axes. 



Elevation of streambed surface. 



L 



L 



FtL-< 



L 



Lt-2 

 MLF- 



Dimensionless 



FL-= 

 Dimensionless 



Lt-i 



Lt-i 



L 



L 



L 



Units (Length, force, 

 mass, tune) 



NOTES 



Vectors are denoted by boldface letters, e.g., v is £ 



velocity vector 

 sis read as "is defined as" 

 '^ is read as "approximately equal to" 

 A is read as "the change in" 

 A vertical bar is read as "evaluated ut," e.g.,|„=i, 



= "evaluated at y=h" 

 ex. is read as "is proportional to" 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



Alvin G. Anderson of the University of Minne- 

 sota provided guidance in the mathematical and 

 experimental studies, and William J. McNeil, 

 formerly of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 

 Biological Laboratory, Auke Bay, Alaska, gave 

 personal interest, assistance, and suggestions. 



LITERATURE CITED 



Cooper, A. C. 



1965. The effect of transported stream sediments on 

 the survival of sockeye and pink salmon eggs and 

 alevins. Int. Pac. Salmon Fish. Comm., Bull. 18, 

 71 pp. 

 Ebgun, Sabri. 



1952. Fluid flow through packed columns. Chem. 

 Eng. Progr. 48(2) : 89-94. 

 Krumbein, W. C, .A.ND G. D. Monk. 



1942. Permeability as a function of the size param- 

 eters of unconsolidated sand. Amer. Inst. Mining 

 Met. Eng., Tech. Publ. 1492, 11 pp. 



48S 



U.S. FISH AXI> WILDLIFE SERVICE 



