1880.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1G5 



flexor for the big toe. This is supplemented to a certain extent by the 

 opponeus, and in a parti}' developed accessorius. The perforated 

 tendon for the fifth toe in the Gorilla came from the flexor longus 

 hallucis, whereas in the Chimpanzee and Orang it is supplied hy 

 the tendon of the longus digitorum. If Prof. Huxley's canon be 

 accepted that the distinction between a hand and a foot consists 

 in the latter possessing tarsal bones, the peroneus longus and 

 brevis, the short extensor and short flexor muscles, then the pos- 

 terior extremity of the Orang terminates in a foot. It appears 

 to me, however, that the difference between the hand and foot in 

 man, the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, and the lower monkej^s, is greater 

 than that observed between the corresponding members of the 

 Orang, 



Alimentary Canal, etc. — It is usually stated that the uvula is 

 absent in the Orang, and, on looking into the mouth, at first sight 

 this appears to be the case, as it does not hang down as in man 

 between the pillars of the fances — nevertheless it exists. I found 

 it pointing directly backwards in a straight line from the posterior 

 palatine spine. It contained the azygos uvula? muscle. Prof. 

 Bischofl"^ mentions also finding the uvula in the Orang, The cir- 

 cumvallate papillae of the tongue are disposed in the form of a 

 /\ , as in man ; I found this to be the case in the female Chimpan- 

 zee,- of which I gave an account, and also in a male which I had 

 the opportunity recentl}' of dissecting. The salivar}^ glands with 

 their ducts were well developed, the submaxillary being ver}- 

 large both relatively and absolutel}' , as compared with man. The 

 stomach in the Orang (PI. ISjfig. 1) is not so human in its form as 

 that of either the Gorilla or the Chimpanzee, the cardiac portion, two- 

 thirds of the stomach, beinsf more elongated and constricted from the 

 pyloric part, which was tubular. The greater curvature measured 

 6 inches, the less 4. The small intestine was 8 feet 4 inches in 

 length, the large 4 feet. The constant presen(-e of valvula? con- 

 niventes in the small intestine of the Orang appears even at the 

 present day questionable b}' some anatomists. In speaking of 

 these folds occurring in the Gorilla, Bischoff^ refers to Owen not 

 finding them in the Orang, while they are said to exist by Saudi- 

 fort. Maj-er and Barkow. As to his own opinion on the subject, 

 he expresses himself as folloAvs : " Die beiden jetzt auf's Neue 



1 Beitrage sur Gorilla, p. 37, ^ Op, cit., p, 57. ^ Op, cit., pp. 40, 41, 



