COLOR AND THE BEHAVIOR OF ARTHROPODS 100 



selection has undoubtedly been the chief factor" in producing 

 protective resemblances, and, though there are some cases 

 apparently not readily explained in this way (e. g. the bright 

 colors of some deep sea Crustacea, etc.), this statement seems 

 to be generally applicable to arthropods as a whole. Further- 

 more, Packard ('04) believes that the patterns and color mark- 

 ings of arthropods have arisen through the operation of physical 

 rather than biological factors. The evidence from the experi- 

 ments described in this paper supports this view, for none of 

 the animals appears to be able to take advantage of the colors 

 in its environment in efforts to conceal itself. 



The coloration of arthropods shows various degrees of adapta- 

 tion to the factors in the environment. In one animal a certain 

 factor may be of chief importance in causing color changes and 

 in another animal the same factor may have little influence. 

 For examiple, the color of the background is most potent 

 in changing the colors of the crustacean, Hippolyte varians 

 (Keeble and Gamble, '00), but has no effect on those of the 

 insect Dixippus morosus (Schleip, '10). 



CONCLUSION 



From the foregoing experiments and discussion the writer 

 believes that it cannot at present be afBrmed that any protec- 

 tively colored arthropod reacts toward colored objects or back- 

 grounds in such a way that it can be said to have even an 

 instinctive knowledge that it is protectively colored; i. e. 

 arthropods do not choose the most favorable color environment 

 on account of color. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Bateson, W. Notes on the Senses and Habits of Some Crustacea. Jour. Marine 



1889. Biol, Plymouth, N. S., vol. 1, pp. 211-214. 

 Beddard, F. E. Animal Coloration. London, viii+288 pp. 



1892. 

 Beebe, C. W. and M. B. a Naturalist in the Tropics. Harper's Mag., vol. 118, 



1909. pp. 590-GOO. 



Davenport, C. B. The Animal Ecology of the Cold Spring Sand Spit, with Remarks 



1903. on the Theory of Adaptation. Univ. of Chicago Decen. PubL, S. 1, 

 vol. 10, pp. 157-176. 



Di Cesnola, a. p. Preliminary Note on the Protective Value of Color in Mantis 



1904. religiosa. Biometrika, vol. 3, pp. 58-59. 



Emerton, J. H. The Common Spiders of the United States. Boston and London. 



1902. xviii+225pp. 

 Franz, V Zur Struktur der Chromatophoren bei Crustaceen. Biol. Centralb., 



1910. bd. 33, pp. 424-430. 



Frohlich, a. Farbwechselreaktionen bei Palaemon. Arch. Entw.-Mech., bd. 29, 

 1910. pp. 432-438, Taf. 13. 



