802 WALTER S. HUNTER 



the others kinaesthetic factors ^^■ere of more importance in 

 making the turn at alley no. 4; but elsewhere vision was the 

 stronger. 



This is quite in harmony with conclusions already reached 

 in this paper. In the 270° rotation of labyrinth B, pigeon 

 no. 5 was not confused, while the others were. We held at that 

 time that no. 5 was guided by visual cues from within the maze 

 and by a possible kinaesthetic factor which latter the present 

 results rule out. The other birds were guided by visual cues 

 from without the maze and b}^ a possible kinaesthetic factor 

 whose effectiveness the present results confirm. 



The question now arises, why was no, error made at alley 

 no. I ? The only answer which suggests itself is as follows 

 Before the maze is shortened the alleys leading to cul-de-sacs 

 nos. I and 4 are both fairly long — that leading to no. i being 

 practically twice the length of the other. When the maze is 

 shortened the alley to no. 4 is almost eliminated, while that 

 to no. I remains several feet long. Practice in the complete 

 maze was not continued long enough to make the kinaesthetic 

 adjustments accurate for the exact distances to the turns, 

 even if such adjustments could ever be attained. But it did 

 suffice to acquaint the birds with the fact that fairly long runs 

 were to be made in each case before a turn, i. e., they would go 

 a certain distance relying upon kinaesthesis and then look about 

 for the opening through which to turn. This procedure worked 

 all right in the shortened maze save at alley no. 4. Here kinaes- 

 thesis carried the birds into the blind alley before they were 

 ready to use vision. 



Whether a more extended period of training would result in 

 such a perfect kinaesthetic control as to drive the birds into 

 alley no. i and against the end of alley B is more or less of an 

 open question. Carr and Watson^^ in their tests on orientation 

 in the white rat found such control in evidence. Yoakum 

 obtained similar results in his work (unpublished) on kinaes- 

 thetic control in squirrels. The present writer is very much in- 

 clined to doubt whether any amount of practice would lead the 

 pigeon to butt against the walls (if wooden) of the maze. It 

 might, and undoubtedly would, lead some of the birds to neglect 



*^ Carr, H. and AVatson, J. B.: Orientation in the White Rat. Jour, of Comp. 

 Neur. and Psych., 1908, vol. 18. 



