376 C. H. TURNER 



on that wall of the cage through which the direct rays of the 

 sun were entering (Ex. 13), sometimes to a shady place, and 

 sometimes to one of the mud cells. On reaching the mud cell, 

 it might either pass inside or else rest on the outside and clean 

 itself (Ex. 23). Indeed, as the following example shows, the 

 same bee, on successive trips to the honey, often behaved in 

 different ways. A bee had been sipping honey from a dish 

 situated in the shade. After making a short flight of orienta- 

 tion, the bee flew towards the left and alighted, in the sunshine, 

 on that wall of the cage. After resting a few minutes, it flew 

 again to the honey. From the honey, it returned to the sunny 

 patch on the left side of the cage. After resting momentarily, it 

 flew again to the honey and from the honey to a sunny patch on the 

 wall of the window-side of the cage. (This wall made an angle 

 of ninety degrees with the left wall of the cage.) From this 

 window-wall the bee flew into a mud cell which was situated 

 in the shade. The flight of orientation mentioned above was 

 performed whether the honey was situated in the sunlight or in 

 the shadow. It is now well known, to all students of animal 

 behavior, that the non-parasitic wasps and bees, whenever 

 leaving, for the first time, anything which it is to their interest 

 to re- visit, always make a short flight of orientation. The 

 Peckhams, the present writer and others have interpreted this 

 flight of orientation as a device for furnishing memory pictures 

 of the environment for the future guidance of the creatures. 

 It is interesting to note that these parasitic bees have this same 

 habit; for it indicates that they, too, have memory. 



One could not help being struck with the extreme tameness 

 of these parasitic bees. Without any preliminary training, 

 the bees w^ould rest quietly on my finger and sip honey, either 

 from another finger or from the back of the finger nail of the 

 same finger. If I gently moved my finger along the floor of 

 the cage, or along any other support, until the tip of my finger was 

 gently touching the anterior end of a bee, that bee would usually 

 mount the finger. On gently moving the finger until the mouth 

 of the bee was within a millimeter or two of honey placed on 

 the tip of one of the fingers of the other hand, the bee would 

 immediately begin to sip the honey. If a bee were resting 

 on the finger in such a position that its head was directed towards 

 and near to the finger nail, a drop of honey placed on that nail 



