JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 



Vol. 1. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1911. No. 6. 



LITERATURE FOR 1910 ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LOWER 



INVERTEBRATES 



S. J. HOLMES 



The University of Wisconsin 



The paper by Andrews ^^ on Conjugation in the Crayfish 

 consists of a detailed description of the method of conjugation. 

 There is no evidence that sight or smell is an important element 

 in this process. " Sex 'recognition' exists, apparently, only 

 in the sense that the male may carry out all the stages of con- 

 jugation if a female happens to be seized, but not if a male is 

 seized. There is no evidence that the male recognizes the female 

 as such, or as a whole. But the passive response of the female 

 when seized makes the completion of conjugation possible when 

 the more effective resistance of the male when seized sooner 

 breaks the series of conjugation acts." 



In Banta's paper " comparisons were instituted between 

 the reactions of the surface form, Aselliis communis, and a re- 

 lated cave species, Cecidotaea stygia. The former shows no 

 response to light of iCM or less, but becomes restless when ex- 

 posed to strong light. It is apparently negatively phototactic 

 to strong horizontal rays, but it is photokinetic at the same 

 time, most of the reactions showing a combination of the two 

 modes of response. When subjected to vertical illumination 

 Asellus becomes restless and tends to come to rest in a shaded , 

 area. Cecidotaea is markedly photokinetic in strong light, 

 but it is not so sensitive as Asellus. In both species the reac- 

 tions to light become less vigorous after a considerable exposure. 

 Darkness renders them more responsive after they are brought 

 into the light again, and Asellus may become positive for a short 

 time after it is taken from the dark. While Asellus is the more 

 sensitive to light, Cecidotaea reacts more readily to mechanical 

 stimuli and to currents of water, and is more discriminative 



