BEHAVIOR OF ANTS 425 



are probably alluring organs which diffuse some volatile sub- 

 stance that serves to attract the ants, and the pore certainly 

 emits a sweet liquid which is eagerly imbibed by the ants. 

 The ant which normally attends Catochrysops cnejus is Poly- 

 rhachis dives. According to Viehmeyer, " Green's supposition 

 that the pupation of the caterpillar takes place in the ant's 

 nest appears to be without foundation." The paper concludes 

 with a list of 24 species, representing 19 genera, of myrmeco- 

 philous Lycasnidas from the Indomalayan region. 



Viehmeyer '" describes the peculiar pupae of a Philippine 

 lycaenid (probably a species of Arhopala) which were found 

 attended by ants {Camponotus qitadrisectus) . The nests of 

 these ants are situated on trees and consist of masses of earth 

 tunnelled with galleries and overgrown with epiphytes like 

 the "ant -gardens" described by Ule for the Amazon region. 

 The lycasnid pupse were in special cells that had been con- 

 structed by the ants. In these pup^e "dorsally, on the seventh 

 abdominal segment, exactly in the place where the lyc^nid 

 larvae have the opening of the secretory gland, there is situated 

 an oval, chitinous, crater-shaped cavity 1.3 millimeter in length 

 and 0.7 millimeter in width." As this cavity is connected 

 with the inside of the pupa, Viehmeyer infers that it produces 

 some secretion like that produced by the larva from the gland 

 in the same situation. " We have undoubtedly the peculiar 

 spectacle of a lepidopterous pupa acting as a food purveyor 

 to ants, as it gives them from a chitinous crater the secretion 

 of two glands (in analogy with the caterpillar) at least during 

 the first part of the pupal stage." Viehmeyer has seen a similar 

 but smaller and more vestigial organ on the pupa of Arhopala 

 amantes of India. This pupa seems to represent "the missing 

 link between those lycaenid pupas which are simply permitted 

 to remain, or are more or less accidentally found, in ant nests 

 and those which we may legitimately assign as dwelling in ant 

 colonies." 



Viehmeyer ''^ finds the methods of colony formation by young 

 queens of the slave-making Formica sanguinea to be more 

 numerous than had been supposed. He believes that this 

 ant is primitively predatory and that its slave-making and 

 socially parasitic habits have arisen directly from its predatism 

 and not from a previous stage of adoption by F. fusca workers. 



