ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 



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seem to be due to the effects of temperature and advancing age. Water 

 and temperature are the controlling factors (in Ghortophaga) in the 

 emergence from " hibernation." Starvation results in losses of body- 

 weight, water and solids, the greatest relative loss being water. When 

 water only is supplied the losses are lower than with nothing. Larger 

 individuals tend to lose relatively greater amounts during starvation. 

 Lighter and younger animals have the higher rates of COg output, and 

 the possible relation of a surface law holding for grasshoppers is in- 

 dicated. Higher temperatures cause increased rates of CO2 output, and 

 lower temperatures seem to have the reverse effect. Starvation decreases 

 the rate of CO2 output ; feeding starved individuals increases it again. 

 A noteworthy point is that when exposed to low temperatures the 

 insects respond by a decrease in water-conterit and are thus prevented 

 from freezing and possible destruction. J. A. T. 



Female of Cockroach AUuaudella. — F. H. Gravely {Records 

 Indian Museum, 1020, 19. 17-18, 1 fig.). The s;eneYa. AUuaudella and 

 Gardax contain minute cockroaches of such unusual forms that Shelf ord 



Female of Minute Cockroach, AUuaudella himalayensis. x 15. 



remarked when describing the latter, "It is difficult to discover the 

 affinities of a genus so aberrant as this ; ... it cannot be regarded as 

 closely related to any known genus." Hitherto only the males have been 

 described. Now Gravely describes the female of AUuaudella 

 himalayensis, from about 3,500 feet in the Darjiling District. Its 



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