FUMEWORT FAMILY 233 



Family 51. FUMARIACEAE. 



Fumewort Family. 



Herbaceous plants with watery juice and alternate or basal, dissected leaves 

 and no stipules. Flowers perfect, hypogynous, irregular. Sepals 2 small and 

 bract-like. Petals 4, somewhat united into two dissimilar pairs, the 2 outer ones 

 spreading at the apex and one or both saccate or spurred at base, the two inner 

 smaller and narrower, their tips thickened and united over the stigma. Stamens 6, 

 diadelphous, in two sets of 3 each. Pistil of 2 carpels; stigma 2-lobed ; ovary 1- 

 celled ovules one to several, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved several- 

 seeded capsule or an indehiscent 1-seeded nut.. Seeds with a minute embryo imbedded 

 in fleshy endosperm. 



Five genera and about 170 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern Africa. 



Outer petals similar, both spurred or merely saccate at the base. 1 - Dicentra. 

 Outer petals dissimilar, one spurred at the base, the other not. 



Fruit an elongated 2-valved capsule; ovules and seeds several. 2. Corydahs. 



Fruit an indehiscent 1-seeded nut. 3 - Fumana - 



1. DICENTRA Bernh. Linnaea 8: 468. 1833. 



Perennial herbs, with dissected basal or cauline leaves. Flowers perfect, usually flat- 

 tened and heart-shaped, irregular, racemose or paniculate, or sometimes solitary. The 

 two outer petals saccate at the base, spreading at the apex, the inner narrow, clawed, 

 usually cohering above and crested on the back. Stamens 6, in two bundles opposite the 

 outer petals. Ovary with 2 parietal placentae ; style slender. Fruit an elongated 2-valved 

 capsule. Seeds several. [Name Greek, meaning twice-spurred.] 



A genus of about 16 species, natives of North America and Asia. Type species, Dicentra Cucullaria (L .) 

 Bernh. Bicuculla Adans. (1763) and Diclytra Borckh. (1797) have priority, but the name Dicentra is con- 

 served. 



Stems leafy; flowers erect; seeds papillate. 



Flowers golden yellow, 12-15 mm. long, not crowded. 1- D. chrysantha. 



Flowers ochroleucous, 20-25 mm. long, in one or few dense clusters. 2. D. ochroleuca. 



Stems scapose, about as long as the basal leaves; flowers drooping; seeds black, finely reticulate. 



Plants with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots. 



Outer petals rose-purple, deeply cordate at base; leaves glaucous beneath, green above. 



Outer petals ochroleucous, shallowly cordate at base; leaves glaucous on both surfaces. 



4. V. oregona. 



Plants with a fascicle of fusiform roots or a short tuber -bearing rootstock. 

 Petals cordate at base; roots fusiform. 



Flower solitary; outer petals recurved or widely spreading from near the base. 



5. D. uniflora. 



Flowers 1-3; outer petals spreading only at the tip. 6. D. pauciflora. 



Petals spurred at base; rootstock short, tuber-bearing. 7. D. Cucullaria. 



1. Dicentra chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Walp. Golden Dicentra or 



Ear-drops. Fig. 1906. 



Dielytra chrysantha Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey 320. pi. 73. 1840. 



Dicentra chrysantha Walp. Rep. 1: 118. 1842. 



Capnorchis chrysantha Planch. Fl. Serres 8: 193. pi. 820. 1853. 



Diclytra chrysantha Greene, Pittonia 1: 187. 1888. 



Bikukulla chrysantha Coville, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 4:60. 1893. 



Plants very pallid and glaucous, the stems rigidly erect, 6-15 dm. high, arising from a stout 

 root. Leaves sparsely scattered along the stem, bipinnate, with rather stiff petioles and rachis 

 15-30 cm. long, the ultimate pinnae divided into acutish lobes; flowers erect, in an elongated 

 narrow panicle, golden yellow, ill-smelling ; sepals suborbicular, 4 mm. long, caducous ; corolla 

 only slightly cordate at base, 12-15 mm. long; outer sepals saccate below, spreading from about 

 the middle; crest of the inner petals rather narrow and crisped; capsule ovoid-lanceolate, 15-20 

 mm. long, beaked by the elongated rigid style ; seeds densely papillate. 



Dry gravelly hillsides or arroyos, Arid Transition and Upper Sonoran Zones; Lake and Calaveras Coun- 

 ties, California, south to northern Lower California. Type locality: California Coast Ranges. May-Sept. 



2. Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm. Yellow Dicentra. Fig. 1907. 



Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm. Bot. Gaz. 6: 223. 1881. 

 Diclytra ochroleuca Greene, Pittonia 1: 187. 1888. 

 Capnorchis ochroleuca Greene, Fl. Fran. 279. 1891. 

 Bicuculla ochroleuca Heller, Cat. N. Amer. PI. 4. 1898. 



Rigidly erect very glaucous herb, closely resembling the preceding species in general vege- 

 tative characters. Flowers in densely crowded, few to several clusters ; corolla 20-25 mm. long, 



