CROWFOOT FAMILY 179 



tended at base by brownish sheaths. Leaves cauline, few, the lower petioled, the upper subsessile, 

 ternate the divisions pinnate, or the lowest leaflets again ternate ; leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceo- 

 late 3-8 cm. long, acuminate, irregularly and acutely toothed and incised ; raceme usually short 

 and' congested in flower, 6-10 cm. long in fruit; petals shorter than the stamens with a small 

 oblong-oval blade narrowed to a slender claw; fruiting pedicels 1-2 cm. long; berries red, 

 oblong-ovoid, 6-8 mm. long. 



Open woods in rich moist soil, Canadian and Humid Transition Zones; Alaska to central California, east 

 to Montana and New Mexico. Resembling the Old World species A. spicata L. White-berried forms some- 

 times occur. Type locality: "Woods of the Oregon [Columbia] and its tributary streams. May-July. 



7. CIMICIFUGA L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 659. 1767. 



Tall perennial herbs, with large decompound leaves. Flowers small, white, in terminal 

 simple or paniculate racemes. Sepals 2-5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 1-8, clawed, 2-lobed, 

 or sometimes wanting. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform. Carpels 1-8, sessile or 

 stipitate ; ovules many. Fruit formed of 1-8 follicles. [Name Latin, meaning to drive 

 away bugs.] 



A genus of 10 species, inhabiting the cool temperate regions of North America and Eurasia. Type species, 

 Cimicifuga foctida L. 



Follicles stipitate; petals usually present; leaflets laciniately toothed. 1- C. laciniata. 



Follicles sessile; petals none; leaflets coarsely serrate. 2. C. elata. 



1. Cimicifuga laciniata S. Wats. Mount Hood or Cut-leaved Bugbane. 



Fig. 1772. 



Cimicifuga laciniata S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 20: 352. 188S. 



Stems 1 m. high or more, glabrate. Leaves ample, 2-3-ternate, sparsely pubescent on the 

 veins beneath ; leaflets 3-6 cm. long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, incised and laciniately 

 toothed; racemes panicled, pubescent; pedicels about 5 mm. long; petals 4-5 mm. long; follicles 

 mostly 2-4, 6-7 mm. long, pubescent ; stipes about half as long. 



Shores of lakes and swamps, Canadian Zone; northern and western base of Mount Hood, Oregon. Type 

 locality: Lost Lake, Hood River County, Oregon. August. 



2. Cimicifuga elata Nutt. Tall Bugbane. Fig. 1773. 



Cimicifuga elata Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 316. 1838. 

 Actaea elata Prantl, Bot. Jahrb. 9: 246. 1888. 

 Thalictrodes elatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1 : 4. 1891. 



Stems 1-2 m. high, more or less pubescent and slightly glandular. Leaves 2-3-ternate, 

 pubescent ; leaflets 4-12 cm. long, ovate-orbicular in outline, deeply cordate, the lobes and teeth 

 broad ; racemes panicled ; pedicels 1-5 mm. long ; petals none ; follicles commonly 1, varying to 

 2 or 3, subsessile, pubescent. 



Open moist woods, Humid Transition and Canadian Zones; Clallam County, Washington, to Lane County, 

 Oregon, mainly in the Coast Ranges. Type locality: "Shady woods of the Oregon." June-July. 



8. AQUILEGIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 533. 1753. 



Erect perennial herbs, with ternately decompound, mostly basal leaves and solitary, 

 showy flowers terminating the branches. Sepals 5, regular, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 

 5, concave, prominently spurred at the base, the blade sometimes obsolete or very short. 

 Stamens numerous, the inner ones reduced to staminodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled. 

 Fruit a head of follicles. [Name Latin, meaning eagle, the spurs suggesting the claws 

 of the eagle.] 



A genus of about 40 species, natives of the north temperate zone, and extending into the mountains of 

 Mexico. Type species, Aquilegia vulgaris L. 



Flowers nodding. 



Flowers yellow, or the sepals occasionally pink; spur hooked at tip. 1. A. flavescens. 



Flowers red or pink or the base and blades of the spurs yellowish. 



Base of the spur not cut backward at the orifice, about 5 mm. broad. 2. A. formosa. 



Base of the spur cut backward at the orifice, 8-10 mm. broad; leaves densely glandular-pubescent. 



3. A. eximia. 



Flowers erect, yellow or sometimes tinged with pink or purple. 4. A. pubescens. 



1. Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Yellow Columbine. Fig. 1774. 



Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Bot. King Expl. 10. 1871. 



Aquilegia caerulea var. flavescens M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. No. 8: 2. 1898. 



Aquilegia canadensis subsp. americana var. flavescens Rapaices, Bot. Kozlemenyek 8: 136. 1909. 



Aquilegia formosa var. flavescens Frye & Rigg, Northwest Fl. 165. 1912. 



Stems 2-7 dm. high, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Leaves biternate or the upper ternate; 

 leaflets thin, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, 2-4 cm. long, 3-cleft, the divisions with rounded 

 lobes ; flowers wholly yellow or sometimes the sepals slightly tinsred with scarlet ; sepals lanceo- 



