WATER-STARWORT FAMILY 43 



keeled, dehiscing into 4 flattened 1-seeded carpels. Seed pendant, anatropous; endo- 

 sperm present, fleshy ; embryo straight or slightly curved. 



The family consists of a single genus, of doubtful affinities. Some botanists place it in the Haloragidaceae. 



1. CALLITRICHE L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753. 



Characters of the family. [Name Greek, meaning beautiful hair, in reference to the 

 slender gi'aceful stems.] 



About 20 species of wide geographic range. Type species, Callitriche palustris L. 



Fruit sessile or subsessile. 



Fruit 2-bracted; emersed leaves obovate; styles erect. 



Styles shorter than the fruit. 1. C. palustris. 



Styles about twice as long as the fruit. 2. C. Bolanderi, 



Fruit bractless; leaves all submerged and linear. 3. C. autumnalis. 

 Fruit distinctly peduncled; plants mainly terrestrial and leaves mainly spatulate or obovate. 



Bracts absent; peduncles seldom over 8 mm. long. 4. C. marginata. 



Bracts present; peduncles filiform, often becoming 2-3 cm. long. 5. C. longipedunculata. 



1. Callitriche palustris L. Vernal Water-starwort. Fig. 3063. 



Callitriche palustris L. Sp. PI. 969. 1753. 



Callitriche verna L. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 4. 17S5. 



Callitriche palustris var. verna Fenley ex Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 435. 1936. 



Slender perennial growing in water or in mud, the stems very slender, 5-25 cm. long. Sub- 

 merged leaves linear, retuse at the apex, 1-2 cm. long, with a single unbranched nerve; floating 

 leaves obovate, or narrowed at base to a short winged petiole, dotted with minute stellate scales, 

 the nerve pinnately branched ; fruit 2-bracted, sessile, oblong-obovoid, longer than broad, about 

 1.5 mm., sharply keeled on the back and usually narrowly winged at the apex; styles erect, 

 shorter than the fruit. 



Quiet cool water, mainly Transition and Boreal Zones; Alaska to southern California and across the con- 

 tinent; also in Eurasia. Type locality: Europe. July-Sept. 



2. Callitriche Bolanderi Hegelm, Bolander's Water-starwort. Fig. 3064, 



Callitriche Bolanderi Hegelm. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 10: 114. 1868. 



Callitriche stcnocarpa Hegelm. loc. cit. 



Callitriche palustris var. Bolanderi Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 435. 1936. 



Similar to the preceding species. Floating leaves rhombic-obovate, abruptly narrowed to the 

 petiole ; fruit about 1 mm. long, and as broad or usually a little broader, obcordate or with a 

 rather narrow sinus at apex, obtusely angled on the back ; styles very slender, erect, about twice 

 as long as the fruit. 



Quiet water of streams or ponds, Transition and Boreal Zones; British Columbia to California. This species 

 is very closely related to and possibly conspecific with Callitriche heterophylla Pursh of the Eastern States. Type 

 locality: Placer County, California. April-Sept. 



3. Callitriche autumnalis L. Autumnal or Northern Water-starwort. Fig. 3065. 



Callitriche autumnalis L. Sp. PI. 696. 1753. 



Callitriche bifida Morong, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 215. 1894. 



Submersed perennial herb, the slender stems 1-2 dm. long. Leaves all linear, 5-15 mm. long, 

 notched at the apex, with a single unbranched nerve ; floral bracts none ; fruit sessile or sub- 

 sessile, 2-2.5 mm. wide, orbicular, flattened, the lobes broadly winged, with a deep narrow sinus 

 at apex and a narrow groove between them ; stigmas as long as or longer than the fruit, reflexed, 

 early deciduous. 



Still water of lakes and streams, mainly Boreal Zones; Alaska to California and across the continent; also 

 in Eurasia. Type locality: Europe. May-Sept. 



4. Callitriche marginata Torr. California Water-starwort. Fig. 3066. 



Callitriche marginata Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 4: 135. 1857. 



Plants growing in mud, forming mats on the margins of pools, the stems slender, 5-10 cm. 

 long, rarely growing in water. Leaves on terrestrial plants all broadly spatulate, and abruptly 

 narrowed to the petiole, 3-nerved, on the aquatic plants the submersed linear and the floating 

 spatulate ; peduncles spreading, 3-8 mm. long ; fruit 1 mm. long, and a little broader, emarginate 

 at both the apex and base, the lobes with a thin margin or narrow wing on the back; styles 

 slender, as long as the fruit or longer, reflexed, early deciduous. 



Borders of pools in mud, or submerged in shallow water, mainly Upper Sonoran Zone; California Coast 

 Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills from Humboldt and Merced Counties to San Diego County, California. 

 Type locality: Mark West Creek, Sonoma County, California. March-June. 



