VIOLET FAMILY 131 



Deschutes County to Crater Lake. These plants closely resemble the subspecies oxyceras, and possibly repre- 

 sent only an alpine phase of it. Type locality: Crater Lake, Oregon. 



20. Viola Howellii A. Gray. Howell's Violet. Fig. 3270. 



Viola Howellii A. Gray. Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 318. 1887. 



Plants from slender elongated branching rootstocks, the stems slender ascending, 5-20 cm. 

 long. Leaves round-cordate or reniform, 2-4 cm. broad, rather thin, sparsely pubescent on the 

 veins and short ciliate-pubescent on the margins; petioles glabrous or pubescent, all but the 

 uppermost well elongated; stipules herbaceous, remotely fimbriate and ciliate; peduncles sur- 

 passing the leaves; flowers blue or white, 12-15 mm. long, the lateral pair with a tuft of slender 

 hairs at the base, shorter than the petals, and as broad as long. 



Moist ground, mainly Humid Transition Zone; western British Columbia, southward west of the Cascade 

 Mountains to Jackson County, extending east to Klamath Lake (flowers white) and along the coast to Mendo- 

 cino County, California. Type locality: Portland, Oregon. March-July. 



21. Viola Langsdorfii Fischer. Langsdorf's Violet. Fig. 3271. 



Viola Langsdorfii Fischer ex DC. Prod. 1 : 296. 1824. 



Plants from rather stout creeping rootstocks, glabrous, the stems ascending, 5-30 cm. long. 

 Leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, 2.5-4 cm. broad, crenate ; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, 

 the lower usually incised; flowers pale violet; petals 12-16 mm. long, the three lower white at 

 base, the lateral pair bearded; spur very short and stout, as broad as long; head of styles not 

 bearded. 



Swamps usually near the coast. Boreal and Humid Transition Zones; Aleutian Islands to central Oregon, 

 where it extends inland to Marion County. Type locality: Unalaska. The Alaskan and Aleutian specimens 

 are more robust with the petals 20 mm. long. June-July. Alaska Violet. 



Viola superba M. S. Baker, Madrorio 5: 220. 1940. (Viola simulata var. caulescens M. S. Baker ex 

 M. E. Peck. Man. PI. Oregon 484. 1941.) Plants glabrous throughout, stems erect or ascending, 2-25 cm. 

 long, roots adventitious in older plants and somewhat woody, stolons wanting. Leaves 3-5 cm. long and 

 approximately as broad, broadly ovate to round-ovate, deeply cordate at base with a rather narrow sinus; 

 stipules ovate to lanceolate, entire, becoming scarious; peduncles stout, 5-15 cm. long; corolla violet-purple, 

 about 2.5 cm. broad; petals rounded, the lateral ones bearded at base; spur 2 mm. long and about as broad, 

 cream-colored; style unusually stout, bearded at apex. Bogs near Brookings, Josephine County, Oregon, the 

 type locality. This species is closely related to the more northern Viola Langsdorfii, and may not be specifi- 

 cally distinct. 



Viola simulata M. S. Baker. Madrorio 3: 237. pi 11. 1936. Very similar to Viola Langsdorfii, differing 

 in its very short horizontal stems that appear as an annual elongation of the branching rootstock. in its rela- 

 tively narrower petals and especially in its larger stigmas. The two species together with Viola superba may 

 belong to the same species complex, but detailed genetic studies are needed to determine their relationship. 

 Type locality: Shawnigan Lake. Vancouver Island. 



22. Viola nephrophylla Greene. Northern Bog Violet. Fig. 3272. 



Viola nephrophylla Greene, Pittonia 3: 144. 1896. 

 Viola cognata Greene, op. cit. 145. 

 Viola Austiniae Greene, Pittonia 5: 30. 1902. 

 Viola subjuticta Greene, op. cit. 31. 



Plants stemless, with stout rather fleshy rootstocks, not stoloniferous, glabrous throughout. 

 Leaves long-petioled, broadly cordate to reniform, 2-5 cm. broad, shallowly crenate; stipules 

 lanceolate, acute; peduncles elongated usually equaling or surpassing the leaves; sepals ovate- 

 lanceolate; flowers violet; petals 10-15 mm. long, the lateral and lower strongly bearded 

 with slender hairs; capsule oblong 7-10 mm. long, glabrous. 



In springy places, mainly Boreal Zones, widely distributed from British Columbia to Quebec south to 

 Wisconsin, Colorado, Arizona, and southern California. In the Pacific States mainly east of the Cascade 

 Mountains in Washington and Oregon and the Sierra Nevada Mountains to southern California, lype locality: 

 the valley of the Cimarron River, Colorado. April-June. 



23. Viola palustris L. Marsh Violet. Fig. 3273. 



Viola palustris L. Sp. PI. 934. 1753. 



Plant from creeping rootstocks, producing runners, glabrous. Leaves round-cordate, 2-4 

 cm. broad, crenate, long-petioled; stipules ovate, acuminate; peduncles surpassing the leaves; 

 flowers pale violet, rarely white; petals 10-12 mm. long, the lateral pair bearded; spur short 

 and strongly saccate ; capsules oblong. 7-8 mm. long. 



Swamps, Boreal and Humid Transition Zones; widely distributed over northern North America and 

 Europe. On the Pacific Coast it grows in bogs along the coast and in the Cascade Mountains, from Alaska to 

 the coast of Mendocino County, California. Type locality: Europe. Apnl-Aug. 



24. Viola Macloskeyi Lloyd. Macloskey's Violet. Fig. 3274. 



Viola Macloskeyi Lloyd, Erythea 3: 74. 1895. 



Viola blanda var. Macloskyi Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 648. 1925. 



Viola anodonta Greene. Pittonia 5: 32. 1907. 



Plants from slender creeping rootstocks, at length producing stolons. Leaves sparsely 

 pubescent or rarely glabrous, suborbicular to broadly ovate, shallowly cordate at base, 2-3.5 

 cm. broad, entire or remotely and obscurely crenate, thin and light green ; peduncles exceeding 

 the leaves; minutely bibracteolate below the middle; sepals oval, obtuse; petals obovate, 6-8 



