362 GENTIANACEAE 



1, Swertia perennis var. obtusa (Ledeb.) Griseb. Felwort or Swertia. Fig. 3811. 



Swertia obtusa Ledeb. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 5: 526. 1812. 



Sivertia perennis var. obtusa Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 66. 1838. 



Swertia Covillci Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 1 : 7T . 1904. 



Swertia occidentalis Greene, Pittonia 4: 184. 1900. 



Swertia ovalifolia Greene, op. cit. 185. 



Stem erect, simple, 1-3 dm. high, from a slender rootstock with fleshy-fibrous roots. Basal 

 leaves, 4-15 cm. long, elliptic to oblanceolate, the blades about equaling to much longer than 

 the petioles, the stem-leaves few, alternate or the upper opposite, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 

 sessile ; raceme usually elongated ; pedicels of the lowest flowers often 3-4 cm. long, bearing a 

 bract near the middle, the upper pedicels bractless and shorter; flowers 5-merous or rarely 

 4-merous ; calyx-lobes 4-5 mm. long, subulate ; corolla-lobes oblong to oblong-oval, obtuse, 

 8-10 mm. long, greenish white veined or tinged with bluish purple, the glands suborbicular, 

 fringed all around with slender setae ; capsule ellipsoid, flattened, 9-10 mm. long. 



Wet places in canyons and meadows, Boreal Zones; Alaska to California and in the Rocky Mountains to 

 Utah and Colorado. In the Pacific States it occurs in the Blue Mountains (Swertia ovalifolia) and Wallowa 

 Mountains {Swertia occidentalis), Oregon, and in the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa County to Tulare County 

 (Swertia Covillei), California. Type locality: Great Altai Mountains, Asia. July-Sept. 



2. Swertia radiata (Kell.) Kuntze. Giant Swertia or Deer Tongue. Fig. 3812, 



Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 66. pi. 153. 1838. 

 Tessaranthiiim radiatum Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. 2: 144. fig. 41. 1862. 

 Swertia radiata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 430. 1893. 

 Tessaranthiiim spcciosum Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 666, 1065. 1917. 



Stems solitary from a large taproot, stout, 6-18 dm. high, 2-3 cm. thick; herbage minutely 

 puberulent. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate, gradually or rather abruptly narrowed to a 

 broad petiole, 15-25 cm. long, acute; stem-leaves sessile or the lowest short-petioled, lanceolate 

 or somewhat oblanceolate, in whorls of 3-7 ; inflorescence a rather narrow panicle, 25-60 cm. 

 long; pedicels stout, 3-9 cm. long; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, 15-20 mm. long; corolla- 

 lobes about equaling the calyx, greenish white, flecked with purple ; glands 2, spindle-shaped, 

 prominently laciniate on the margins ; scales of the crown deeply laciniate at the apex, extend- 

 ing to about the middle of the gland; capsule 15-18 mm. long; seeds flattened and narrowly 

 wing-margined. 



Grassy slopes and meadows. Boreal Zones; eastern Washington, Idaho, and Montana, south to California, 

 Arizona, and New Mexico. In the Pacific States it is local in eastern Washington (Naches River, Henderson); 

 in eastern Oregon it is in the Blue, Powder, and Steen Mountains; in California it is in the Warner Mountains, 

 the North Coast Ranges to Lake County and the Sierra Nevada to Fresno County. Type locality: "On the low 

 hills near Spokan and Salmon Rivers and subalpine parts of the Blue Mountains, near the Kooskooska River." 

 Collected by Douglas. June-Aug. 



5. Swertia fastigiata Pursh. Clustered Swertia. Fig. 3813. 



Swertia fastigiata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 101. 1814. 

 Frasera thyrsiflora Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 3: 288. 1851. 

 Frasera fastigiata Heller, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 312. 1897. 



Stems usually solitary from the stout taproot, 6-10 dm. high, stout, hollow ; herbage glabrous. 



Basal leaves oblanceolate to broadly spatulate, 20-40 cm. long, 5-8 cm. wide, obtuse or acute, 



thin, narrowed to a winged petiole ; stem-leaves whorled, usually in threes, broadly lanceolate 



to oblong, sessile ; inflorescence a many-flowered and rather crowded, much-compounded 



thyrsus or panicle ; corolla-lobes pale blue, lanceolate to elliptic, 8-10 mm. long, acute ; gland 



solitary, rounded, the margin conspicuously fimbriate ; crown reduced to a low setuliferous 



membrane to which the stamens are attached ; capsule elliptic, 6-12 mm. long, flattened ; seeds 



compressed, about 4 mm. long, only slightly and unequally winged. 



Open woods. Transition Zone; Spokane and Whitman Counties, eastern Washington, northern Idaho and the 

 Blue Mountains, Oregon. Type locality: "in moist places on the Squamash [Quamash] Flats," according to Lewis' 

 label on the original specimen. Quamash Flats is now Weippe, Idaho. May-July. 



Swertia umpquaensis (Peck & Applegate) St. John, Amer. Midi. Nat. 26: 14. 1941. (Frasera umpqua- 

 ensis Peck & Applegate, Madrono 6: 12. 1941.) Very similar to Swertia fastigiata in general habit, but petals 

 rather abruptly narrowed at apex and ending in a slender apiculation usually with 1 or more minute teeth beneath 

 the apiculation; setae on the margin of the petal-gland and also on the surface of the petal below the gland. Known 

 only from Jackson County, Oregon. Type locality: near Anderson Camp, Rogue-Umpqua Divide, upper waters 

 of Rogue River, northeastern Jackson County. Collected by Elmer I. Applegate 5930. 



4. Swertia albicaulis (Griseb.) Kuntze. White-stemmed Swertia or Frasera. 



Fig. 3814. 



Frasera albicaulis Griseb. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 66. 1838. 

 Swertia albicaulis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 430. 1891. 



Stems 1 to several from the crown of a stout perennial root, erect, 2-5 dm. high ; herbage 

 puberulent throughout. Basal leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, and 5-15 mm. wide, 

 obtuse or acutish, usually with a very narrow white margin ; stem-leaves opposite, usually of 

 2 or 3 pairs, similar to the basal but not smaller and acute, those of the inflorescence reduced 

 to bracts ; inflorescence an interrupted thyrsus becoming crowded at apex ; pedicels 3-8 mm. 

 long; calyx-lobes 6-7 mm. long; corolla greenish yellow, the lobes oval-elliptic, 7-S mm. long; 

 gland oblong-conic fringed with setae that curve inward and interlace over the gland but 



