220 UMBELLIFERAE 



4. SANICULAL. Sp. PI. 235. 1753. 



Glabrous or pubescent biennial or perennial herbs, with few-leaved or nearly naked 

 stems. Leaves palmately or pinnately divided or rarely entire, the divisions pinnatifid or 

 incised. Umbels irregularly compound, few-rayed, bearing involucres and involucels. 

 Sepals evident, somewhat foliaceous, persistent. Corolla greenish yellow or purple. Fruit 

 subglobose, densely covered with hooked bristles or tubercles. Carpels not ribbed; oil- 

 tubes usually several to numerous. [Name Latin, meaning to heal.] 



A genus of about 20 species, widely distributed over the north temperate regions; also South America and 

 South Africa. About 17 species are in the United States. Type species, Sanicula europaea L. 



Basal leaves ternately or palmately divided, rarely entire. 

 Fruit pedicellate or stipitate. 



Involucels conspicuous, exceeding the heads. 1. 5". arctopoides. 



Involucels inconspicuous, not exceeding the heads. 

 Primary leaf-divisions pinnatifid. 



Petiole and midrib somewhat glandular; leaves deltoid. 2. 5". arguta. 



Petiole and midrib glabrous, not glandular; leaves oblong-ovate. 3. S. nevadensis. 

 Primary leaf-divisions lobed or merely serrate, not deeply pinnatifid. 4. .S". crassicaulis. 

 Fruit sessile. 



Primary divisions of basal leaves lobed or serrate, not deeply pinnatifid. 



Involucels equaling to slightly exceeding heads; basal leaves deeply lobed; Oregon coast. 



4. 6". crassicaulis Howellii. 



Involucels shorter than heads; basal leaves entire or 3-lobed; San Francisco Bay region. 



5. S. maritima. 

 Primary divisions of basal leaves deeply pinnatifid. 



Primary divisions distinct at base; fruit ovoid, 3-5 ram. long. 3. S. nevadensis. 



Primary divisions confluent at base; fruit globose to ellipsoid, about 2 mm. long. 



6. S. laciniata. 

 Basal leaves pinnately divided to pinnately or ternate-pinnately decompound. 



Stem from a fusiform taproot. 



Leaves with a winged toothed rachis. 



Fruits several in each urabellet, bristly; pedicels of sterile flowers inconspicuous in fruit. 



7. S. bipinnatifida. 



Fruits solitary, rarely 2—3 in each umbellet, bristly only above; pedicels of sterile flowers conspicu- 

 ous in fruit. 8. S. Pcckiana. 



Leaves without a winged rachis; leaves 2-3-pinnate. 9. S. bipinnata. 



Stem from a globose or somewhat irregular tuber. 



Flowers salmon-colored ; fruit 2 . 5-3 mm. long, the upper tubercles armed with short subulate bristles. 



10. S. saxatilis. 



Flowers yellow; fruit 1.5-2 mm. long, the tubercles unarmed. 11. S. tuber osa. 



1. Sanicula arctopoides Hook. & Am. Bear's-foot Sanicle or Snake-root. 



Fig. 3470. 



Sanicula arctopoides Hook. & Am. Bot. Beechey 141. 1832. 



Plants conspicuous by the yellowish foliage, the stems very short, from a stout taproot, bear- 

 ing a cluster of basal leaves and several spreading scape-like branches, 5-30 cm. long. Leaves 

 2-6.5 cm. long, deeply palmately 3-parted, the divisions once or twice laciniate-dentate, and the 

 whole margin usually dissected into lanceolate acute segments ; umbels terminating the branches, 

 1-4-rayed, the rays usually elongate; bracts 1 or 2, foliaceous; bractlets usually 8-12, conspicu- 

 ously exceeding the heads ; fruit short-pedicellate, 2-5 mm. long, strongly bristly above, naked 

 below ; seed-face concave. 



Open hillsides, mainly Humid Transition Zone; near the coast from northern Oregon to central California. 

 Type locality: "northwest coast of America." March-June. Footsteps-of-spring, Yellow Mats. 



2. Sanicula argvita Greene. Sharp-toothed Sanicle. Fig. 3471. 



Sanicula arguta Greene ex Coult. & Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 7: 36. 1900. 



Stems more or less branched from a thickened taproot, 15-50 cm. high. Leaves 3—11 cm. 

 long, palmately 3-5-parted, the middle divisions longer and distant, all the divisions spinose- 

 serrate to sublaciniate, decurrent, forming a broad toothed wing to the rachis, glandular-rough- 

 ened above ; umbels 3-5-rayed ; bracts foliaceous ; bractlets linear or linear-lanceolate, entire to 

 3-lobed, spinosely tipped ; flowers yellow, the sterile pedicellate, the fertile sessile ; fruit 4-6 mm. 

 long, obovoid, stipitate, bristly above, almost naked below. 



Open hillsides near the coast, Sonoran Zones; southern California. Type locality: hills near San Diego. 

 March-April. 



3. Sanicula graveolens Poepp. Sierra Sanicle. Fig. 3472. 



Sanicula graveolens Poepp. ex DC. Prod. 4: 85. 1830. 



Sanicula nevadensis S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 11: 139. 1876. 



Sanicula septentrionalis Greene, Erythea 1: 6. 1893. 



Sanicula divaricata Greene, Erythea 3: 64. 1895. 



Sanicula apiifolia Greene, Leaflets Bot. Obs. 2: 46. 1910. 



Sanicula nevadensis var. glauca Jepson, Madrofio I: 113. 1923. 



Sanicula septentrionalis var. nemoralis Jepson, Fl. Calif. 2: 667. 1936. 



Stems erect, the main stem obsolete, short or elongated, peduncles thus arising basally or 



