548 BORAGINACEAE 



or S-cleft into narrow segments or lobes. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 5-lobed, the 

 throat naked, pubescent or crested, lobes entire or erose-denticulate, tube sometimes 

 pubescent at the base within. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the throat of the corolla ; 

 filaments short. Ovary 4-divided; style slender or filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed, 

 Nutlets 4 or fewer, erect, attached by their bases to the nearly flat receptacle; scar of 

 attachment not concave. [Name Greek, meaning stone and seed.] 



A genus of about 40 species, natives mainly of the northern hemisphere, a few in South America and 

 Africa. Type species, Lithospermum officinale L. 



Annual; nutlets densely tuberculate and dull. 1. L. arvense. 



Perennial, stems several from a stout often purplish root; nutlets smooth and polished, whitish. 



Corolla greenish yellow, its tube about equaling the calyx-lobes; upper leaves crowded, narrowly linear- 

 lanceolate, attenuate at apex. 2. L. ruderale. 

 Corolla golden yellow, its tube well exceeding calyx-lobes; upper leaves not crowded, elliptic-ovate to ovate- 

 lanceolate, obtuse or acute at apex. 3. L. californicum. 



1. Lithospermum arvense L. Corn Gromwell. Fig. 4197. 



Lithospermum arvense L. Sp. PI. 132. 1753. 



Annual, appressed-pubescent, the stem erect, usually branched, 1 . 5-5 dm. high. Leaves nar- 

 rowly lanceolate to nearly linear, sessile, mostly appressed, 2-2.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, 

 obtuse or acutish at apex ; flowers white, sessile or nearly so in terminal spikes, becoming 

 distinct in age ; corolla about 6 mm. long ; calyx-segments equaling or slightly exceeding the 

 corolla-tube ; nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, about 2 mm. long ; convex on the dorsal side, 

 keeled on the inner side. 



Grassy hillsides and grain fields, naturalized from Europe; Kittitas and Spokane Counties, Washington; 

 Multnomah County, Oregon. May-July. 



2. Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. Western Gromw^ell or Columbia Puccoon. 



Fig. 4198. 



Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex. Lehm. Stirp. Pug. 2: 2S. 1830. 



Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 43. 1834. 



Lithospermum Torreyi Nutt. op. cit. 44. 



Lithospermum laxum Greene, Pittonia 3: 263. 1898. 



Lithospermum ruderale var. lanceolatum A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 52: 272. 1911. 



Stems usually several from a large root, erect or decumbent, rather stout, 2-5 dm. high, 

 simple or branched, hirsute and somewhat hispid to densely villous. Leaves numerous, usually 

 crowded above, mostly ascending or sometimes reflexed, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3-8 cm. 

 long, 2-12 mm. wide, softly to rather harshly pubescent on both sides, scabrous on the margins ; 

 flowers in the axils of the upper leaves ; pedicels stout, 1-3 mm. long ; calyx-lobes in fruit subu- 

 late, 7-10 mm. long; corolla pale, often greenish yellow, 9-12 mm. long, tube broad, scarcely 

 dilated at the throat, lobes about 3 mm. long ; nutlets broadly ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, usually 

 abruptly attenuate at apex into a stout beak, whitish, smooth and highly polished. 



Dry plains and hillsides, Arid Transition Zone; British Columbia south in the Pacific States east of the 

 Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to Placer County, California, east to Alberta, Montana, and 

 Colorado. Type locality: "gravelly banks of the Columbia and Multnomah [Willamette] Rivers." April-June. 



3. Lithospermum californicum A. Gray. California Gromwell or 



Shasta Puccoon. Fig. 4199. 



Lithospermum californicum A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 10: 51. 1874. 

 Lithospermum ruderale var. californicum Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 843. 1925. 



Stems usually several from a stout root, erect or ascending, 12^5 cm. high, spreading-hirsute. 

 Leaves variable, the lower linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate and shorter than the upper, 

 these not congested at the summit of the stem, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, appressed-pubescent 

 with ascending rather harsh hairs, especially on the upper surface, lateral veins usually evident ; 

 stem usually branched and forming a paniculate inflorescence ; corolla golden yellow, 12-18 mm. 

 long, the slender tube dilated into the throat, twice as long as the calyx, limb 8 mm. broad; 

 fruiting calyx-lobes 7-10 mm. long, linear-lanceolate; nutlets broadly ovoid, short-beaked, 

 whitish, smooth and polished. 



Dry rocky slopes and ridges, Arid Transition Zone; Siskiyou Mountains, Josephine and Jackson Counties, 

 Oregon, south to Del Norte and Placer Counties, California. Type locality: Grass Valley, Nevada County, 

 California. April-June. 



£chium plantagineum L. Mant. 2: 202. 1771. Stems erect, solitary or several from a biennial root, 

 3-6 dm. high, villous-hirsute, hairs pustulate at base, spreading or more or less appressed. Upper leaves 

 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile or clasping, the basal narrowly oblanceolate, tapering to a petiole about 

 as long as or shorter than the blades, bristly hirsute with rather short appressed hairs more or less pustulate 

 at base; flowers mostly bracteate, in racemosely arranged scorpioid racemes; pedicels short; calyx-lobes lanceo- 

 late-acuminate, about 10 mm. long in fruit, much longer than the tube; corolla blue, 15-20 mm. long, irregular 

 with a campanulate throat and oblique limb, lobes unequal; stamens exserted; nutlets 4, erect, wrinkled. Adventive 

 in California; Carmel, Monterey County, and De Luz, San Diego County. 



13. LAPPULA [Rivin.] Moench, Meth. 416. 1794. 

 Annual herbs with linear or oblong leaves. Flowers in paniculate leafy-bracted 



