686 SCROPHULARIACEAE 



Family 136. SCROPHULARIACEAE.* 

 FiGWORT Family. 



Herbs, shrubs, or rarely vines, with simple opposite or alternate exstipulate 

 leaves. Flowers perfect, racemose or paniculate. Hypanthium free from the ovary. 

 Sepals 5 or 4, distinct or united. Corolla 4— 5-lobed, usually 2-lipped, rarely cam- 

 panulate or rotate and nearly regular. Stamens rarely 5, usually 4 and didynamous, 

 sometimes only 2. Carpels 2, the ovaries wholly joined and with axile placentation, 

 the styles usually also united, and the stigmas either distinct or united. Capsule 

 dehiscing septicidally or locuHcidally or both, or even loculicidally by valves, rup- 

 tures, or terminal poroid openings. Seeds many to few, wingless or winged, and with 

 fleshy endosperm. 



About 200 genera and 3,000 species, of wide geographical distribution, but especially numerous in western 

 North America. 



Corolla with the upper lobes external, overlapping in the bud. 



Stigmas distinct, flattened (except in Limosella) ; seeds wingless, reticulate to smooth; inflorescence simply 

 racemose; leaves opposite. {Gratioleae) 



Plants caulescent; anther-cells distinct; capsule 2-celled throughout. 



Sepals equal in width or nearly so; corolla nearly 2-lipped. 



Connective not expanded, nor anther-cells parallel; corolla pubescent within on lower side 

 or glabrous. 



Cells of anther contiguous, either divaricate or divergent; corolla 2-ridged within on 

 lower side; pedicels ebracteolate. 



Capsule septicidal, the plate-like septum persisting; anterior filaments adherent as 

 hairy ridges on corolla, and then projecting as sterile knobs, their distal 

 portions glabrous and upcurved-erect ; sepals distinct. 1. Lindernia, 



Capsule loculicidal; all filaments simple and attached to corolla only near base; 

 sepals united at least one-half their length. 



Upper corolla-lip (as in Lindernia) shorter and with acute lobes, the corolla 

 violet-blue; capsule globose, distally exposed by the spreading calyx-lobes; 

 bracts minute, subulate. 2. Masus. 



Upper corolla-lip with rounded lobes, the corolla (in ours) yellow, purple, or 

 red; capsule longer than wide, its basal half or all its body surrounded 

 by the erect or cylindric calyx; bracts foliose. 3. Mimulus. 



Cells of anther separated on short arms of the connective; corolla violet or nearly so, 

 not ridged within on lower side; pedicels bibracteolate. 4. Stemodia. 



Connective expanded, wider than the parallel anther-cells; corolla pubescent within over 

 bases of upper lobes. 5. Gratiola. 



Sepals unequal in width, the two innermost much the narrowest; corolla white, campanulate. 



6. Bacopa. 



Plants acaulescent; anther-cells wholly confluent; corolla nearly rotate; capsule distally 1-celled. 



7. Limosella. 



Stigmas wholly united, punctifonn or capitate; seeds not reticulate, but either smooth, tuberculate, ridged, 

 or winged. 



Capsule primarily septicidal, its walls firm or woody; corolla neither saccate nor spurred on lower 

 side; filaments 5, rarely 4 in Scrophularia. 

 Leaves alternate; inflorescence racemose or spicate; corolla rotate, its lobes longer than the tube; 



filaments all with anthers. {Verbasceae) 8. Verbascum. 



Leaves opposite; inflorescence compound, usually paniculate; corolla nearly campanulate to tubu- 

 lar; uppermost filament lacking anther. {Cheloneae) 

 Uppermost filament slender, glabrous or bearded, decurved to lower side of throat; corolla 

 10—40 mm. long, yellow, blue, purple, red, or white, the orifice rounded and the lower 

 lobes spreading ; sepals distinct. 9. Penstemon. 



Uppermost filament flattened and glabrous, or wanting; corolla 6-12 mm. long, brown, its 

 antero-lateral lobes vertically placed and the lowermost (mid-anterior) lobe often 

 deflexed; sepals joined proximally. 10. Scrophularia. 



Capsule partly or wholly loculicidal; corolla gibbous or spurred at base; filaments 4 or sometimes 2. 

 Corolla gibbous on upper side of base, blue, violet, or purple; capsule thin-walled, dehiscing 

 longitudinally septicidally and loculicidally; seeds few, smooth; leaves opposite. (Col- 

 linsieae) 

 Corolla papilionaceous, the 2 uppermost lobes transversely erect and usually paler, the 2 

 antero-lateral lobes horizontally flattened and concealing the sagitally folded mid- 

 anterior (lowermost) lobe within which lie the anthers and stigmas; filaments glab- 

 rous, at least distally; leaf-blades entire to dentate. 11. Collinsia. 

 Corolla nearly rotate; filaments exserted, all pubescent; leaf -blades mostly trilobed to tri- 

 partite.' 12. Tonella. 

 Corolla gibbous or spurred on lower side of base, yellow, blue, violet, or red; capsule dehiscing 

 by transverse loculicidal ruptures, valves, or poroid openings; seeds many, angled, alveo- 

 late, cyathiform, or winged; leaves usually alternate. {Antirrhineae) 

 Capsule symmetrical, globose or cylindric, the cells equal or nearly so and opening their 

 entire width. 

 Antheriferous stamens 4, didynamous; seed-margins not striate nor incurved. 



Leaves opposite or ternate throughout; corolla tubular, red, gibbous at base; stem 

 shrubby. 13. Galvesia. 



Text contributed by Francis Whittier Pennell, except for the genera Penstemon and Orthocarpus. 



