164 MANUAL OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY 



poid Apes are regarded as the closest structurally to Man. This is 

 based on such features as the absence of a tail, the frequent occur- 

 rence of bipedal locomotion, the very high degree of intelligence, 

 and the almost human facial structure and expression due to the 

 enlarged cranial bones and reduced facial bones. 



In Man, the bipedal locomotion is universal, the big toes are not 

 opposable, the formation of hair is not so abundant, but, above 

 all, the tremendous development in the size and quality of the fore- 

 brain has given Man a mental superiority which far transcends 

 that of any other living organism. His mental equipment has 

 enabled him to overcome greatly varying conditions of climate, 

 so that his distribution is world-wide, as well as to dominate 

 other types of life to a high degree. 



Although only one species of mankind is believed to be repre- 

 sented on the Earth today, at least three groups, or races, are to 

 be noted, namely, the Negroid, the Mongolian, and the Caucasian. 

 The character of the hair, the shape of the nose, the color of the 

 skin, and other minor structural characteristics serve as identifying 

 features. 



TEXTBOOK REFEBENCES 

 Woodruff, pp. 111-131 ; 320-324. 



Curtis and Guthrie, pp. 9-37. 

 Hegner, pp. 379-654 ; 655-669. 

 Guyer, pp. 42-110; 146-147; 690-701. 

 Newman, pp. 293-301. 

 Shull, p. 88. 



GENEBAL BEFEBENCES 



Beddard. " Mammals," in the Cambridge Natural History (Macmillan). 



Bridge and Boulenger. " Fishes," in the Cambridge Natural History 

 (Macmillan). 



Evans. " Birds," in the Cambridge Natural History (Macmillan). 



Gadow. " Amphibia and Beptiles," in the Cambridge Natural History 

 (Macmillan). 



Goodrich. Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates (Mac- 

 millan). 



Harman and Herdman. " Hemichordata, Ascidians, and Amphioxus," in 

 the Cambridge Natural History (Macmillan). 



Parker and Haswell. Textbook of Zoology (Macmillan). 



Pratt. Manual of the Vertebrates of the United States (Blakiston). 



Willey. Amphioxus and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates (Macmillan). 



