Both allow the attachment of mooring lines from the bow of the ULCC to 

 a swivel on a mooring buoy which is attached to the sea bottom. The 

 mooring buoys are equipped with safety lights, bells and fog horns to 

 reduce the chances of damage and are designed to withstand considerable 

 impacts. 



Figure 23. Controlling water depths (feet) at major United States 

 ports (Source: Reference 29). 



,OI Bay 1401 

 Ballimors (42) 



Hampton Roads (45) 



Poflland (451 

 Boston (40) 



New Yo(k (35-451 

 Philadelpltia (40) 



Los Angeles- 



Lonq Beach (50-621 \ 



The CALM system (Figure 25) was developed by the Offshore Marine 

 Terminal Company and the cylindrical, steel buoy has a diameter of 30 to 

 50 feet. Pre-stressed catenary chain legs anchor the buoy to piles fixed 

 to the sea floor. A CALM system is placed in depths ranging from 50 to 

 120 feet depending on the draft of the largest VLCC to be served [26]. 



The SALM system (Figure 26) consists of a cylindrical steel buoy 

 approximately 13 feet in diameter and 56 feet high, attached by an 

 anchor chain to a single mooring base fixed to the sea floor. The 

 mooring buoy has an upper chamber available for storage and a lower 

 ballast chamber [26]. 



108 



