2.2.5 Offshore Mooring and Tanker Operations 



Transportation of petroleum, when fields and markets are separated 

 by water, is often done by tankers. As tankers have increased in size, 

 new systems for transferring petroleum between vessel and shore point 

 have been devised. The increased draft of tankers has made fewer ports 

 available for landing and for direct transfer into shore storage terminals. 

 A technological response to this need has been offshore mooring systems, 

 termed single point mooring (SPM), which are connected to storage terminals 

 by pipelines (see Figure 22). SPM related problems with tankers are 

 discussed along with other regular problems of tankers used in inter- 

 national and national transport of petroleum products from port to port. 



Figure 22. Offshore mooring - project implementation schedule. 



INVESTMENT COMMITMENTS: 



Onshore 

 Site Option(s) 



Onshore 

 Site Purchase 



Start of 

 Construction 



YEARS ••• 



PERMIT ACQUISITIONS: 



Begin 

 Operation 



Acquisition of Onshore 

 Use and Location Permits 



Operating Permi ts 



Offshore and Onshore 

 Federal Reconstruction 

 Permits (Includes EIS) 



106 



