Federal lands, from USGS for gathering lines within a field, from state 

 in state waters, or from private owners along a proposed right-of-way. 

 The Federal Power Commission issues certificates for construction and 

 operation of gas transmission lines (Table 11). 



Gas pipelines are also subject to Federal safety standards described 

 in 49 Code of Federal Regulations. They are promulgated under the 

 Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act (NGPSA), and govern the design, 

 construction, operation, and maintenance of gas pipeline facilities and 

 the transportation of gas in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce. 

 These safety standards apply to gas pipeline facilities and to the 

 transportation of gas in its liquid or gaseous state onshore, on lands 

 beneath navigable waters, and on the Outer Continental Shelf. The 

 Office of Pipeline Safety (Materials Transportation Bureau), Department 

 of Transportation, implements and enforces these regulations. 



Offshore gathering lines are now regulated primarily by USGS under 

 lease area development plans. A Memorandum of Understanding between the 

 Departments of Interior and Transportation, published on June 11, 1976, 

 in Volume 41 of the Federal Register, page 23746, clarifies the regulation 

 of offshore gathering lines. The Materials Transportation Bureau in the 

 Department of Transportation has proposed to amend 49 Code of Federal 

 Regulations, Part 192.1 to expand that Part's coverage of offshore 

 gathering lines. The authority for the proposed regulation is the 

 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, which includes gas pipelines 

 which are not subject to the jurisdiction of the NGPSA. 



Development Strategies 



Numerous alternatives for the transportation of oil and gas are 

 available. 



When the existence of a commercial oil field is established, a 

 decision must be made on the best method of transporting the oil to 

 shore. The oil can be transported either by pipeline or by bulk carrier, 

 such as an oil tanker or barge. Evaluation of many variables is required 

 in order to optimize the transportation scheme. Among these variables 

 are oceanographic and meteorological conditions affecting tanker 

 operations, volume of oil to be transported, and distance from refining 

 areas [26]. Economics will principally decide which option of many is 

 chosen. In some cases, barge or tanker transport will be used initially. 

 Later, a pipeline may be built after production from the field and 

 nearby fields passes the threshold value which can economically justify 

 its construction. 



Alternatives : Among the alternatives for transporting oil and gas 

 are the following: 



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