SPECIALIZATION AND ORGANIZATION. 1 5 



as we have described. Bear in mind as we go on, that 

 every point of union is a point of division, or specializa- 

 tion in labor. 



Our supposed social aggregate, as I have said, admits 

 of division into ten independent communities. If, how- 

 ever, we multiply the points of union by ten, i.e., if we 

 suppose each labor sub-divided into ten specialties, each 

 member of the aggregate will fulfil only one-hundredth 

 of his own needs, and will depend upon his ninety-nine 

 associates for the rest. The mutual dependence is not 

 only ten times as great, it is also ten times as extensive, 

 for each individual is now a necessity to ninety-nine 

 instead of nine others, and the entire aggregate becomes 

 an indivisible whole. 



The same processes are followed by like results 

 among the cell-constituents of an organism, only here 

 we rarely find such simple, and never such complete, 

 uniformity in numerical relations. We find no organ- 

 ism in which the division of function exactly coincides 

 with the number of its component units. Both the 

 division of labor and its distribution here tend to adjust 

 themselves, first of all, in harmony with the primary 

 necessities of existence ; and secondly, in correspond- 

 ence with that complex of relations, conditions, and 

 needs, both internal and external, which hold all the 

 possibilities of improving existence, and rising above it 

 to conscious life and intelligence. 



In the organic association of cells, nutrition and 

 reproduction take precedence in determining the direc- 

 tion of development. The needs which centre in 

 them are, as a rule, best served, not by giving the 

 whole of a given kind of work to a single cell, but by 



