SPECIALIZATION AND ORGANIZATION. 9 



The parthenogenetic colony presents itself, then, as an 

 ao-^reo-ate of individuals with differentiated, but undi- 

 vided, reproductive work ; the hermaphroditic colony 

 explains itself as an aggregate of individuals with differ- 

 entiated and sexually-divided reproductive work. The 

 association of both sexes in the same colony is an acci- 

 dent of aggregation ; for obviously we might have, in 

 fact do have, dioecious as well as monoecious colonies. 



The protozoan colony of the Volvox type, represents 

 the old infusorial system of labor-division and, super- 

 added thereto, the colonial stage of what we may call the 

 intercellular system — which runs through all the higher 

 organisms. 



With the intercellular system is given a higher order 

 of units, capable of combining and recombining to form 

 successively higher orders, each carrying all previous 

 systems of labor distribution with its own superimposed 

 thereon. The ascending series ranges through all 

 diversities of form and all complexities of structure 

 between the simplest cell-colony and man. Cells com- 

 bine into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ- 

 isms, organisms into organic as well as social aggregates, 

 and these in turn into higher units. While the higher 

 units are entering into new combinations, their compo- 

 nents of the next order below, of the next below 

 that, and so on to the lowest, may be undergoing simul- 

 taneously special modifications, each struggling to keep 

 up its own internal and external adjustments, but always 

 in subordination to the welfare of the entire organism. 

 W^hen we contemplate the finished mechanism, the prod- 

 uct of all these consentaneously and yet unconsciously 

 directed energies, these millions of individual minim 



