SPECIALIZATION AND ORGANIZATION. 5 



an aggregate of a hundred individuals, equal in compe- 

 tency and capacity for work, and all living under like 

 conditions. Let us assume that the necessities of exist- 

 ence for each member require ten kinds of labor in 

 equal quantities. 



Now as long as each individual fulfils all ten needs, 

 there will be no division of labor, but rather a divison 

 of energy and correspondingly inferior products. The 

 aggregate will represent a mere chance collection of 

 independent individuals, not a whole of mutually depend- 

 ent parts. But introduce the division of labor, and see 

 how social integration follows. To take a simple form 

 of division, we will suppose the aggregate divided into 

 ten equal groups, one for each kind of work. 



We still have the same workers, the same energy 

 expended, the same work accomplished, and the same 

 needs fulfilled ; all we have done is simply to divide the 

 labor instead of the time, and distribute it in such a way 

 that . each person gives his entire time to one work 

 instead of dividing it among ten. The change, in itself 

 considered, looks extremely simple and insignificant ; 

 but, when measured by the consequences entailed, its 

 importance becomes at once apparent. Each work is 

 now accomplished by ten men instead of a hundred, with 

 the result that each individual fulfils only one-tenth of 

 his own needs, and depends upon his fellows for the rest. 

 Instead of jacks-at-all-trades, we now have specialists 

 working under a social compact, which makes each indi- 

 vidual the indispensable servant of every other. The 

 co-ordination of individuals is such as to maintain a 

 complete consensus of functions; which is the funda- 

 mental trait of a perfectly organized community, and 



