1856.] Under-Draining— lis Beneficial Effects. 137 



of the finest pearmains. Save your old apple trees, and clicrry trees too, 

 if healthy. A twenty year old seedling apple tree, in good health, is 

 worth at least twenty dollars, just for re-grafting, and by the third 

 year after grafting, will yield as many, and perhaps more, apples than 



before. 



If you have too many of one kind, or any worthless kinds change them 

 thus. Or, further, if you want to increase your variety, without increas- 

 ing your trees, this is the best mode ; or should you wish to test before 

 propagating, an untried and boasted variety, perhaps altogether worthless 

 for your locality, put it on some bearing tree, and you will accomplish 

 your object by the third year. These remarks will apply equally to the 

 pear, and to some extent to the plum, cherry, quince, etc. 



If you have not made selection of trees, shrubs, vines, etc., that you 

 intend to set, do it by all means immediately ; don't defer until all kinds 

 of work presses upon you, and then this important work must be done m 

 a hurried manner, which had better be left undone entirely, than be illy 

 done. The time to set a tree or shrub, is while it is yet in a quiescent 

 state ; if then properly set it will thrive ; if not, your time and money 

 are generally thrown away. Let every thing be done systematically. 

 Let your trees, grafts, shrubs, all be labeled as you go on — not postponed 

 till some future day. 



4 ■« •» > 



Snber-grainiitg-lts genefitial 6ffuts. 



We clieerfully give place to the following excellent essay, read by Wm. W. Rice, 

 at a meeting of the "Farmer's Lyceum of Green Township," Hamilton county, 

 OMo, January 23cl, 1856, and by them requested for publication. 



In the cultivation of the soil, there are three grand objects to b3 

 effected, which are of paramount importance to the attainment of the 

 great end of all cultivation, the maximum of productiveness, viz : 



First, The proper application to, or preservation in, the soil of all 

 those substances, which are necessary to the most perfect development 

 of vegetable growth. Second, The thorough breaking up, loosening, and 

 pulverizing of the soil. And third, The use of the best system of 

 drainage. For, without the first, the soil must rapidly depreciate in 

 fertility, and become reduced to such a state of barrenness, by a con- 

 stantly exhausting process, as to be totally unprofitable for cultivation 

 until renovated. Without the second, much of the advantage of a 

 fertile soil will be lost, by reason of the inability of the plants to push 



