10 



INTRODUCTION. 



several tides, and swarms with Sipunculus^ Edwardsia, and 

 Lumbri'conereis. 



Within reach of the modem tide, also, it is interesting to 

 find the remains of oceanic animals long since extinct — to see 

 Actinia mesemhryanthenium attached to a mass of encrinite 

 stalks, Littorina rudis in groups on Lingula-^vAt, and the 

 white coils of Spirorhis incrusting a nodule containing a 

 fossil fish. Yet these features do not appear much out of 

 place near a city whose pier is to a considerable extent con- 

 structed of the fine old stones and ancient oak which once 

 formed part of the splendid pile of its cathedral. 



On the whole the zoological features of St. Andrews are 

 northern. 



