BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS 25 



enough. Civilisation is far too complex for any co- 

 operative unit to be permanent that is not internationaL 

 The Kingdom of Heaven must be world-wide, or it 

 cannot endure ♦ 



But I can imagine someone objecting that the Light 

 Within is a moral, rather than a Spiritual faculty ; and 

 that morality, as such, is far too cold and uninspiring a 

 thing to live by. It may be said that in my biological 

 survey I have traced the origin and development of 

 moral standards, and have left religion unaccounted for. 

 Now let me confess that I have been painfully conscious 

 of this criticism during the preparation of my address, 

 and I trust that, for this very reason, I shall be the better 

 able to meet it. Let me begin by saying that the 

 religious instinct is innate in man. But, unlike the moral 

 instinct, I do not think that it can be traced back beyond 

 man. Man has been defined as an ** incorrigibly 

 religious animal.'' All peoples, however primitive, 

 seem to have had their religions, and a great deal of work 

 has recently been done, in the direction of tracing these 

 religions to their source. But this I must leave, as 

 it is outside the scope of biology. For the most part, 

 however, pagan religions never realised any connection 

 between religion and morality ; the two things were as 

 wide apart as the Poles. In Greece, we look back upon 

 Socrates, Plato and Euripides as great religious men ; 

 but they were not so regarded by the Greeks. The men 

 whom they regarded as religious were the priests, whose 

 office was supposed to bring them into touch with the 

 gods. These priests may, or may not, have lived moral 

 lives, but their religion imposed no obligation on them 

 to do so. The gods whom they worshipped were not 

 moral, and therefore were not likely to impose high 

 moral standards upon their worshippers. Religion 

 consisted of certain rites and ceremonies which had to 

 be performed ; especially of sacrifices which had to be 



