CONTENTS 



INTRODUCTION: THE DOMAINS OF MORPHOLOGY i 



I. FUNDAMENTALS OF SUBMICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY 8 



§ I. Organization of Sols 8 



a. Invisible Particles 8 



b. Homogeneity 12 



c. Concept of Phase in Colloids 15 



d. Coacervation 18 



§ 2. Principles of Structure 24 



a. Crystal Structure 26 



b. Structural Chemistry 33 



c. Structure of Phase Boundaries 40 



d. Liquid Crystals 5^ 



§ 3. Structure of Gels 5^ 



a. Chemistry of High Polymers 58 



b. Structural Viscosity 64 



c. Gel Structure 66 



d. Micellar Theory 76 



§ 4. Studies in Gels 82 



a. Polarization Microscopy 82 



b. X-ray Analysis of Gels 96 



c. Swelling of Gels 109 



d. Electron Microscopy 115 



e. Summary 13° 



n. THE FINE-STRUCTURE OF PROTOPLASM 131 



§ I. Cytoplasm 132. 



a. Molecular Constituents of the Cytoplasm 132 



b. Physicochemical Behaviour of Proteins 141 



c. Physical Properties of the Cytoplasm 163 



d. Submicroscopic Structure of Cytoplasm 172 



e. Protoplasmic Flow and Cell Polarity 186 



f. Separation of the Cytoplasm into Different Phases 191 



g. Morphological Principles of the Permeability Problem 197 



h. Molecular Morphology of the Cytoplasm 207 



§ 2. Nucleus 210 



a. Molecular Constituents of the Nucleus 210 



b. Fine-Structure of the Nucleus 215 



c. Fine-Structure of the Chromosomes 224 



d. Submicroscopic Morphology of Hereditary Processes 230 



§ 3. Chloroplasts 243 



a. Microscopic Structure of the Chloroplasts 243 



b. Molecular Constituents of Chloroplasts 246 



c. Submicroscopic Structure of the Chloroplasts 251 



ci^^^-i 



