SHOCK 31 



eventually elicits the same end? It is quite apparent 

 that the experimental methods, such as the applica- 

 tion of caustic chemicals, burns, trauma, and air pres- 

 sure, have, from a purely physical standpoint, noth- 

 ing in common. We must therefore seek the common 

 factor within the animals themselves, or more prop- 

 erly within the living cells whose individual activities, 

 as we have seen, determine to a large extent the be- 

 havior of one another. 



In order to understand the cellular changes which 

 follow the application of such agents as those enumer- 

 ated above, let us return to the author's experiments 

 on the stomach mucosa. In these experiments, by the 

 methods previously mentioned, we were enabled to 

 establish a localized injury by mechanical means, or 

 by the application of irritating chemicals. After ex- 

 perimentation with various irritants, mustard, because 

 of its relatively mild, yet prolonged, irritating quali- 

 ties, was utilized for the production of an acute gas- 

 tritis. (Turck, 1902.) That we may follow the course 

 of the physiological changes induced by the mustard, 

 we shall first consider the local effects. 



After the washing out of the stomachs of healthy 

 dogs which had been without food for twenty-four 

 hours, a ten per cent aqueous suspension of ground 

 mustard was introduced into the organ by means of a 

 stomach tube. After the mustard had remained in 

 the stomach for an allotted time, the abdomen of the 

 animal was opened under anesthesia and specimens 

 of tissue were excised from the oardia, fundus, body 

 pylorus, duodenum, and gall ducts, and prepared by 

 fixation and staining for cytological study. Such ma- 

 terial was obtained at various times up to forty-eight 



