224 THE ACTION OF THE LIVING CELL 



bing of the animal's skin. This seems all the more 

 probable since he records that the immunity devel- 

 oped in this way is non-specific. Perhaps the specific 

 immunity which follows the inunction of the diph- 

 theria toxin is due to the combination of the toxin 

 with the non-specific anticytost or cytost whose forma- 

 tion is brought about by the mild injury attendant 

 upon the friction. Be this as it may, the experiments 

 of Bresredka make it appear highly probable that a 

 close relationship exists between cytost immunity and 

 bacterial immunity. 



These considerations clearly justify the statements 

 of Zinsser (1931) that "Antibody production is after 

 all only the expression of underlying cellular activi- 

 ties," and, "The forces of natural resistance are normal 

 reactions." The writer feels that his investigations on 

 cytost and anticytost reactions lend considerable 

 weight to such views. 



In a paper read before the Pan-American Congress 

 in 1901 and published in 1904, the writer directed 

 attention to this fact. To quote: "In another series of 

 experiments, I found that when an animal is stimu- 

 lated by heat applied within the splanchnic area by 

 methods previously described, immunity or resistance 

 against infection was thus produced. When the serum 

 of such an animal was injected into another animal 

 there was obtained an increased resistance or partial 

 immunity to infection. Animals so protected could 

 not always be saved but death from infection was re- 

 tarded, sometimes for one or two weeks." And again: 

 "These facts establish a most important point in the 

 pathology of shock, namely the alteration of the tissue 

 cells and blood in shock." 



