334 



On the Origin of Cancer Cells 



this article, which are based on decades of research. Such metabolic analyses pro- 

 vide promise of a powerful tool for diagnosis of malignancy in the ever-increasing 

 variety of tissue-culture lines now becoming available in this rapidly expanding 

 biological and medical field, where characterization of malignancy by conventional 

 methods (animal inoculation or otherwise) may be difficult or impracticable. This 

 metabolic tool should be especially important in connection with the use of tissue 

 cultures for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents or other control procedures. 



References and Notes 



1 The transplantable ascites Cancer was discovered by 

 H. Loewenthal and G. Jahn [Z. Krebsforsch. 37 

 (1932), 439]. G. Klein (Stockholm) expanded our 

 knowledge about the physiology and morphology of 

 the ascites tumors and showed their great advantages 

 as experimental material. [Exptl. Cell Research 2 

 (1951), 518]. 



2 Lynen, F., Naturwissenschaften 30 (1942), 398; Ann. 

 Chem. Justus Liebig 573 (1951), 60. 



3 Goldblatt, H., and Cameron, G., J. Exptl. Med. 97 

 (1953), 525. 



4 Warburg, O., Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 154 (1913), 

 599; 158 (1914), 19. 



5 Darlington, C D., Brit. J. Cancer 2 (1948), 118. 



6 Woods, M. W., et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 11 (1951), 

 1105; 9 (1949), 311; 9 (1949), 325; 16 (1955), 351. 

 Science 102 (1945), 591; 111 (1950), 572. AAAS 

 Research Conf. on Cancer (Science Press, Lancaster, 

 Pa., 1945), p. 162. J. Wash. Acad. Sei. 42 (1952), 169. 

 Pigment Cell Growth, M. Gordon, Ed. (Academic 

 Press, New York, 1953), p. 335. Biochem. et Biophys. 

 Acta 12 (1953), 329. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Research 

 1 (1954), 7. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 83 (1953), 62. 

 Phytopathology 33 (1943), 637, 766; 36 (1946), 472; 

 31 (1941), 978; 32 (1942), 288. Am. J. Botany 33 (1946), 

 12a; 38(1951), 419. 



7 A compilation of American works on the metabolism 

 of the grana, in which my results of 1914 (4) have been 

 confirmed, is given by G. Hogeboom, W. Schneider 

 andM. Striebich in Cancer Research [13(1953), 617]. 

 In a very special case — nucleated red blood cells of 

 birds, which contain no grana or only poorly visible 

 ones — the entire respiration can be centrifuged off 

 with the cell nuclei [O. Warburg, Hoppe-Seyler's Z. 

 physiol. Chem. 70 (1913), 413]. 



8 Graffi, A., Z. Krebsforsch. 49 (1939), 477. 



9 Burk, D., Symposium on Respiratory Enzymes (Univ. 

 of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1942), p. 235; J. G. 

 Kidd, R. J. Winzler, D. Burk, Cancer Research 4 

 (1944), 547. 



10 Pasteur, L., Etudes sur la Biere (Masson, Paris, 1876), 

 p. 240. 



11 Craigie, J., J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 63 (1951), 177; 64 

 (1952), 251. H. Hamperl, Verhandl. Deut. Ges. Pathol. 

 35 (1951), 29. 



12 Warburg, O., and Hiepler, E., Z. Naturforsch. 7b 

 (1952), 193. 



13 Schade, A. L., Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 12 (1953), 

 163. 



14 Woods, M., Hunter, J., Burk, D., J. Natl. Cancer 

 Inst. 16 (1955), 351. 



1 5 I am indebted to Georg Klein of the Karolinska Insti- 

 tute, Stockholm, Sweden, for his Ehrlich strain of 

 mouse ascites cells. 



16 Warburg, O., Posener, K. ; Negelein, E., Biochem. 

 Z. 152 (1924), 309. 



17 Negelein, E., ibid. 165 (1925), 122. 



18 Warburg, O., et al., ibid. 189 (1927), 114, 175, 242; 

 193 (1928), 315; 197 (1928), 175; 204 (1929), 475, 479. 



19 ibid. 204 (1929). 482. 



20 et al., ibid. 303 C1939), 40, 132. 



21 Krebs, H. A., et al., Biochem. J. London 54 (1953), 

 107. 



22 O'Connor, R. J., Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 31 (1950), 390. 



23 Warburg, O., Hoppe-Seyler's Z. physiol. Chem. 70 

 (1911), 413; M. Onaka, ibid. 70 (1911), 433; 71 (1911), 

 193. 



24 Dresel, K., Biochem. Z. 178 (1926), 70. 



25 Negelein, E., ibid. 165 (1925), 203. 



26 Gupta, D. N., Nature 175 (1955), 257. 



27 Usui, R., Pflüger's Arch. ges. Physiol. 147 (1912), 100. 



28 Warburg, O., Hoppe-Seyler's Z. physiol. Chem. 66 

 (1910), 305; 70 (1911), 413. 



29 Biochem. 119 (1921), 134. 



30 Larsen, C. D., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 8 (1947), 63. 



31 Warburg, O., Biochem. Z. 228 (1930), 257. 



32 Tiedemann, H., and Tiedemann, H.. Z. Naturforsch. 

 9b (1954), 371. 



33 Sanford, K. K., Likely, G. D., Earle, W. R., J. Natl. 

 Cancer Inst. 15 (1954), 215. 



34 Fischer, A., Biology of Tissue Culture (Copenhagen, 

 Der.mark, 1946). 



35 Warburg, O., Biochem. Z. 160 (1925), 307; D. Burk 

 et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2 (1941), 201. 



36 This summary of studies of various collaborating 

 groups of investigators was prepared by Dean Burk 

 at Professor Warburg's request. 



