12 



TREES 



Str. Wd. 



Wash. 

 Ida. 

 Ore. 

 Calif. 

 W. Can. 



Oak 

 Str. Wd. 



Ore. 



Calif. 



Ariz. 



T-9. WHITE ALDER, Alnus 

 rhombifolia , Birch Fam. Also other 

 species of Alnus . A tree 15'-30' high, 

 with light green leaves, whitish to 

 gray bark, green hanging catkins, and 

 small, brown, 2"-4" long cones; very 

 common along streams. 



Parkinson, in 1640, writes of Al- 

 nus : "Leaves and bark are cooling 

 and drying. Fresh leaves laid on tu- 

 '^//^^^ mors will dissolve them; also stays 

 inflammation. Leaves with morning 

 dew on them; laid on a floor troubled 

 with fleas, will gather the fleas and 

 can then be quickly thrown out. A 

 black dye was made from the bark. " 

 Indians u^sed a decoction of dried 

 bark to induce circulation, check 

 diarrhea, allay stomach-ache, facilitate childbirth, check hemor- 

 rhages, and, mixed with Indian tobacco, to induce vomiting. They 

 also made a dye that was yellow- brown. Early settlers made char- 

 coal and used it in the preparation of inferior gunpowder. The as- 

 tringent bark and woody cones were used for tanning leather. 

 For dye, the bark was peeled in the spring. 



T-IO. OAKS, Quercus 

 sp. , Beech Fam. The oaks 

 form a large genus of about 

 200 species. Acorns of the 

 Black Oak (Q. kellogii ), and 

 the Blue Oak (Q. douglasii ) 

 seem to be the favorites 

 though several others were 

 used by the Indians. How- 

 ever, they were careful to 

 keep different kinds of a- 

 corns separate. 



The acorns were soaked 

 overnight to make it easier 

 to get the kernels from the 

 outer shell. After they were shelled and dried, the meats were 



